TABLE 4.

Urinary metabolites significantly altered by diet in piglets fed with human milk or milk formula at postnatal day 21^a

Urinary metabolite	HMb		MFb		FCc	FDRd	VIPe
	Avg abundance	SEM	Avg abundance	SEM
Sugar metabolites and derivatives
Xylonolactone	3,295	251	39,710	2,987	0.08	<0.01	3.73
Tartaric acid	8,450	1,182	180,555	13,579	0.05	<0.01	3.65
Fucose	1,884,181	283,396	356,826	35,004	5.28	<0.01	3.08
Threonic acid	252,261	23,852	513,055	31,372	0.49	<0.01	2.76
Raffinose	2,065	292	683	176	3.02	<0.01	2.74
Beta-gentiobiose	62,366	6,246	123,309	9,311	0.51	<0.01	2.7
Ribonic acid	66,882	5,118	141,502	11,306	0.47	<0.01	2.63
Glucose-1-phosphate	79,090	6,201	168,367	12,995	0.47	<0.01	2.55
2,8-Dihydroxyquinoline	5,677	977	11,039	850	0.51	<0.01	2.4
Maltotriose	2,780	538	5,954	616	0.47	<0.01	2.36
Threitol	185,405	10,665	261,302	14,255	0.71	<0.01	1.99
Erythritol	1,007,123	61,506	1,372,060	81,916	0.73	0.02	1.73
1,5-Anhydroglucitol	87,562	16,481	33,889	2,871	2.58	0.05	1.51
Sucrose	1,298	340	4,988	1,720	0.26	0.05	1.5
Gluconic acid lactone	36,145	3,782	21,400	3,110	1.69	0.05	1.48
Amino acids
Glutamine	132,117	10,024	235,132	31,299	0.56	0.01	1.88
Phenylalanine	42,206	4,868	78,570	10,286	0.54	0.05	1.48
Homocystine	1,632	134	2,365	287	0.69	0.11	1.36
Beta-alanine	367,673	49,181	520,786	51,430	0.71	0.14	1.25
Fatty acids
2-Hydroxyvaleric acid	370,548	36,110	199,426	24,448	1.86	<0.01	2.05
Arachidonic acid	3,969	440	2,204	250	1.8	0.01	1.87
Cis-gondoic acid	711	66	512	59	1.39	0.12	1.32
Glycerolipids
2-Monoolein	12,692	2,480	72950	13,584	0.17	<0.01	2.66
1-Monostearin	2,054	169	3,020	331	0.68	0.02	1.66
Steroids
Beta sitosterol	27,815	5833	2,414	386	11.52	<0.01	2.7
Cholesterol	843	88	1,710	185	0.49	<0.01	2.09
Dicarboxylic acids
Methylmalonic acid	390,084	47,584	297,960	110,183	1.31	0.05	1.49
Adipic acid	58,881	8,810	73,217	5,214	0.8	0.13	1.3
Hydroxy acids
Glycolic acid	111,862	12,054	70,754	5,664	1.58	0.02	1.71
2-Deoxytetronic acid	70,465	6,230	91,667	6,482	0.77	0.14	1.27
Quinoline carboxylic acids
Xanthurenic acid	4,011	387	2,646	256	1.52	0.06	1.47
Kynurenic acid	7,616	862	5,105	548	1.49	0.14	1.25
Pyrimidines and pyridines
6-Hydroxynicotinic acid	2,346	346	5,146	519	0.46	<0.01	2.32
4-Pyridoxic acid	1,816	881	2,384	231	0.76	<0.01	2
Cytosin	10,285	1093	6,538	681	1.57	0.05	1.48
Cytidine	2,392	341	4,653	1,121	0.51	0.14	1.28
Other metabolites
Tocopherol beta	6,361	633	4,083	798	1.56	0.03	1.61
Urea	1,154,860	338,605	593,584	311,053	1.95	0.04	1.58
Isopropylbenzene	6,686	740	4,449	598	1.5	0.12	1.33
Triethanolamine	1,104	89	849	55	1.3	0.14	1.28
Phosphate	1,185,570	83,693	903,078	95,472	1.31	0.14	1.28
2-Ketoisocaproic acid	58,219	7,178	43,219	6,164	1.35	0.14	1.26
3-4-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid	13,758	1,948	8,218	950	1.67	0.14	1.25

^an = 25/group.

^bMean of normalized (mTIC) peak intensities (mz/rt) for human milk (HM) or milk formula (MF) after MetaboAnalyst analyses.

^cFold change of HM mean to MF mean.

^dFDR, Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted P value.

^eVIP, variable importance in projection in PLS-DA models using all annotated metabolites to compare HM and MF within each intestinal section.