TABLE 1.

Showing the results of the review for benign nodules

Authors	Design	Mean age (years)	Gender (F/M)	Samplesize(n)	follow‐up (months)	VRR %	Volume at baseline (ml)/SD	Sonographic characteristics	Complications
Garino et al 23	Prospective	NA	NA	69	24	71.1	21.7	Mainly Solid	None
Huh et al 24	Prospective	Group 1 (51:36) (M:F)	Group 1 (13:2)	15	6	70.2	13.3 ± 12.9	Solid >50%	Transient pain during procedure
		Group 2 (38)	Group 2 (15:0)	15		78.3	13.0 ± 6.8 mL
Baek et al 25	randomized trial	40.87	3‐Dec	30	6	79.7	7.5 ± 4.9	solid	Transient pain during procedure.
Cervelli et al 26	Prospective	NA	NA	Group A 31 Vol < 20 mLGroup B 20 Vol > 20 mL	18	8481.5	NA	Solid	Transient voice change (n = 2)Nodule abscess requiring aspiration (n = 1)
Che et al 27	Retrospective	43.8 ± 12.7 52.4 ± 13.9	RFA 165/35Surgery 154/46	200200	12	84.8	5.4 ± 7.15.9 ± 6.4	Solid/mixed	Transient hoarseness (n = 1)Nodule rupture requiring no treatment (n = 1)
Deandrea et al 28	Prospective	NA	NA	30	12	68.4	15.4	Solid	None
Deandrea et al 29	Prospective	NA	NA	31	6	50.7	27.7 ± 21.5	Solid	Mild neck edema requiring 1.5 mg betamethasone (n = 3)
Deandrea et al 30	Randomized trial	NA	NA	Group A RFA (40)Group B No RFA (40)	6	72	15.1 ± 3.1	Solid	None
Spiezia et al 21	Prospective	NA	NA	94	24	79.4	24.5 ± 2.1	Solid	Transient pain (n = 13)
Dobnig et al 31	Prospective	52 ± 12.9	215/62	277	12	82	14.1 ± 16.5	Solid > 70%	Subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 1)
Mauri et al 32	Retrospective	55.8 ± 14.1	48/11	59	12	74 ± 14	32.7 ± 19.5	Solid	None
Jung et al 14	Prospective	46.0 ± 12.7	302/43	345	5 years	95.3	14.2 ± 13.2	Predominantly Solid	Transient voice change (n = 2)Hyperthyroidism (n = 1)
Jeong et al 3	Retrospective	40.9	211/25	236	41 months	84.11	6.13 ± 9.59	Predominantly solid	Transient voice change (n = 3), hematoma (n = 5) and pain (n = 13)
Ugurlu et al 33	Prospective	–	8,25	33	6	74	7.3 ± 8.3	Solid	Transient pain (n = 4)
Aldea Martinez et al 34	Prospective	50.17 ± 13.6	20/4	24	36	76.84	‐	Solid > 50%	Laryngeal nerve palsy (n = 1)Hematoma managed conservatively (n = 3)
Ahn et al 35	Retrospective	44.5	18/1	19	12	74.3	14.3 ± 13.4	Solid > 50%	None
Hamidi et al 36	Retrospective	60	3‐Nov	14	8.6	44.6	24.2	Predominantly solid	Hypotension (n = 1)Mild neck bruisingTransient dysphagia (n = 3)
Ben Hamou et al 37	Retrospective	49.7 ± 12.2	80/19	99	18	75	20.4 ± 18.6	Mixed, solid > 70%	Transient laryngeal Nerve palsy (n = 2)Transient dysphonia (n = 6)Nodule rupture requiring conservative treatment (n = 2)Transient hyperthyroidism (n = 3)
Faggiano et al 20	Prospective	58.3 ± 4.3	16/4	20	12	85	13.3 ± 1.8	Predominantly solid	None
Sambo Salas et al 38	Prospective	52.1	23/5	28	6	43.61 ± 16.2	24.4 ± 20.88	Solid	None
Kim et al 17	Prospective	39.1	28/2	30	13.5	88.2	6.31	Cystic/Solid	Vocal cord palsy (n = 1), Transient hematoma (n = 1), burn (n = 1) and pain (n = 1).
Aysan et al 39	Prospective	44.5	78/22	100	6	97.5	32.5	Cystic/Solid	Temporary hoarseness (1)Skin edema (1)
Baek et al 40	Randomized trial	47.6	21/4	25	6	87.5	8.6 ± 9.4	Cystic	None
Cui et al 41	Retrospective	52 ± 14	109/28	137	6	83.1	8.25 ± 11.69	Cystic 73%	Temporary hoarseness (1)
Dobnig et al 42	Retrospective	53 ± 13	119/39	158	12	76% (solid)90%(cystic)	21.3 ± 23.6	Cystic/Solid	Reversible (4)HoarsenessThyrotoxicosisWound infection
Hong et al 43	Retrospective	49.9	16/2	18	12	76	24.4 mL ± 32.2	Cystic/Solid	None
Deandrea et al 44	Prospective	55	253/84	337	12	70	20.7	Cystic < 30%predominantly solid	Voice change(n = 1) and nodule infection (n = 1)
Vuong el at 45	Retrospective	43.9 ± 12.8	153/31	184	12	81	NA	Solid/cystic	Transient voice change (n = 2)
Sung et al 46	Retrospective	42.5	18/3	21	12	92.19 ± 14.67	10.19 ± 7.01	Cystic > 90%	None
Sung et al 47	Randomized	44.9 ± 10.6	22/3	25	6	93.5% ± 5.3	9.3 ± 11.7	Cystic	None
Lee et al 48	Retrospective	38	22/5	27	6	92.0 ± 6.2	4.2 ± 5.3	Cystic	Hematoma (n = 1)
Feroci et al 49	Prospective	57.2 ± 17.1	22/10	32	12	72.56%	18.36 ± 10.82	Solid	Transient hematoma (n = 4), transient pain (n = 10) and transientvoice change (n = 1)
Cesareo et al 50	Randomised	53.3	____	30	6	64.30%	26	–	Transient pain (n = 6), thyrotoxicosis (n = 1) and hematoma (n = 3)
Rabuffi et al 51	Retrospective	57.5 ± 15.5;	55/22	77	12	70.9 ± 20.8%.	17.9 ± 15.6	Solid	Transient pain (n = 6) and transient hematoma (n = 2)
Korkusuz et al 52	Retrospective	47	22/18	40	3	50%	6.5	Solid	Transient mild hematoma (n = 26)
Yue et al 57	Retrospective	46.4 ± 13.3	75/27	102	10.7 ± 5.1	83.6 ± 5.2	5.7 (3.8‐10.3)	Solid	None
Lim et al 58	Retrospective	37.9 ± 10.6	101/10	111	49.4 ± 13.6	93.4 ± 11.7	9.8 ± 8.5	Solid	Transient voice change (n = 1) and brachial plexus injury (n = 1)
Li et al 59	Prospective	42.7 ± 14.9	27/8	35	6	>50%	8.8 ± 8.6	Solid/cystic	None
Cesareo et al 22	Randomized trial	56 ± 14	27/15	42	6	>62.8	24.5 ± 19.6	Solid	Permanent vocal cord paralysis (n = 1), transient voice change (n = 2)
Bernardi et al 56	Retrospective	58.3 ± 3.6	25/12	37	12	70	12.4 ± 2.5	Solid	Transient voice change (n = 1) and thyroiditis with no hypothyroidism (n = 1)
Valcavi et al 55	Retrospective	54.9 ± 14.3	35/5	40	24	80	30.0 ± 18.2	Solid	Nodule rupture (n = 1), pseudo cystic change (n = 1), transient pain (n = 7)
Zhao et al 53	Retrospective	45 ± 15	49/20	69	6	81.9 ± 6.8	6.35 ± 5.66	Solid/cystic	None
Jawad et al 54	Retrospective	50.9	39/7	46	6	67 ± 17.6	25.9 ± 27.7	Solid > 50%	None
Lee et al 60	Retrospective	49.41 ± 11.87	489/37	626	9.80 ± 8.93	84 ± 24	12.8 ± 29.6	Predominantly solid	Transient voice change (n = 2), transient edema (n = 8)