TABLE 2.
Anti-MIRI effects of saponins from Aralia.
| Compound | Major plant source | Geographical distribution of plants | Dose/Concentration | Models | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total saponins of Aralia elata (Miq) Seem | Aralia elata (Miq) Seem | Northeast China, North Korea, Japan, Russia | 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, i.g. | Rat MIRI model (in vivo) (Wang R. et al., 2018) | Alleviating calcium homeostasis imbalance and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis |
| 30, 60 mg/kg; 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml | Dog hemodynamic indexes (in vivo), Ca2+ transients and sarcomere shortening detection (in vitro) (Wang et al., 2014) | Positive inotropic effect by maintenance of calcium homeostasis and increase of PKCε-dependent signaling pathway | |||
| Total saponins of Aralia taibaiensis | Aralia taibaiensis | Midwest China | 60, 120, 240 mg/kg, i.g.; 25, 50 μg/ml | Rat MIRI model (in vivo); H9c2 cardiomyocytes HR model (in vitro) (Yan et al., 2015) | Suppressing apoptosis via the AMPK pathway |
| Elatoside C | Aralia elata (Miq) Seem | Northeast China, North Korea, Japan, Russia | 2, 10, 50 nM | Rat global MIRI injury model (ex vivo) (Wang M. et al., 2015) | Attenuating oxidative stress and calcium overload through the activation PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and inhibiting the opening of mPTPs |
| 12.5, 25, 50 μM | H9c2 cardiomyocytes HR model (in vitro) (Wang et al., 2014) | Activating STAT3 signaling pathway and reducing ER stress-associated apoptosis | |||
| Araloside C | Aralia elata (Miq) Seem | Northeast China, North Korea, Japan, Russia | 0.5, 1, 2.5 μM; 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 μM | Rat global MIRI injury model (ex vivo); H9c2 cardiomyocytes HR model (in vitro) (Wang et al., 2017; Du et al., 2018) | Reducing oxidative stress, ER stress and calcium overload by regulating Hsp90 |
| 6.25, 12.5, 25 μM | H2O2-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury (in vitro) (Wang et al., 2019) | Reducing oxidative stress by regulating mitochondrial function and AMPK activation | |||
| Calenduloside E | Aralia elata (Miq) Seem | Northeast China, North Korea, Japan, Russia | 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 μg/ml | H2O2-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury (in vitro) (Tian et al., 2017) | Inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis and calcium overload |