TABLE 1.
Health risk assessment scores of top risk-inducing herbal medicines.
| Herbal medicine | Medicinal plant property | Max EDI (mg·kg−1·day−1·bw) | Max HQ | HI | Max CR | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| As | Cd | Hg | Pb | As | Cd | Hg | Pb | As | Cd | Pb | Total CR | |||
| Mentha canadensis L. | Herba and others | 1.54 | 2.28 | |||||||||||
| Plantago asiatica L. | Herba and others | 0.007 | 0.024 | 9.95 | 1.11 | 11.47 | 1.34E−06 | |||||||
| Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees | Herba and others | 0.001 | 5.51 | 7.02 | 2.18E−06 | |||||||||
| Isatis tinctoria L. | Folium and cortex | 1.64 | 2.21 | |||||||||||
| Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. | Radix and rhizoma | 1.03 | 1.35 | |||||||||||
| Grona styracifolia (Osbeck) H.Ohashi and K.Ohashi | Herba and others | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 1.79 | 3.47 | ||||||||
| Carthamus tinctorius L. | Flos | 2.02 | 2.41 | |||||||||||
| Chrysanthemum indicum L. | Flos | 0.001 | 1.90 | 4.08 | 6.31 | |||||||||
| Tussilago farfara L. | Flos | 2.24 | 1.89 | 2.65 | ||||||||||
| Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl | Fructus and semen | 0.001 | 1.29 | 3.51 | ||||||||||
| Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton | Fructus and semen | 1.74 | 2.91 | |||||||||||
| Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. | Herba and others | 0.002 | 0.004 | 6.82 | ` | 8.62 | ||||||||
| Cornus officinalis Siebold and Zucc. | Fructus and semen | 0.002 | 8.05 | 8.66 | ||||||||||
| Ziziphus jujuba Mill. | Fructus and semen | 1.58 | 1.83 | |||||||||||
| Tetradium ruticarpum (A.Juss.) T.G.Hartley | Fructus and semen | 0.001 | 0.004 | 1.69 | 6.31 | 1.18 | 9.53 | 1.23E−07 | ||||||
| Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. | Fructus and semen | 1.07 | 1.49 | |||||||||||
| Houttuynia cordata Thunb. | Herba and others | 0.002 | 0.004 | 1.97 | 3.42 | |||||||||
| Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis | Fructus and semen | 2.93 | 1.14 | 4.57 | ||||||||||
| Citrus × aurantium L. | Fructus and semen | 1.08 | 1.28 | |||||||||||
| Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton | Folium and cortex | 2.64 | 1.02 | 4.02 | ||||||||||
| Curcuma longa L. | Radix and rhizoma | 0.001 | 1.02 | 1.43 | 1.55E−06 | |||||||||
| Coptis chinensis Franch. | Radix and rhizoma | |||||||||||||
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | Flos | 0.005 | 2.12 | |||||||||||
| Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidz. | Fructus and semen | 1.48 | ||||||||||||
| Lonicera confusa DC. | Flos | 0.001 | 0.004 | 1.81 | ||||||||||
The estimated daily intakes (EDI, mg·kg−1·day−1·bw) above their corresponding provisional tolerable daily intakes (PTDI) were shown (The PTDIs (mg·kg−1·day−1) of As, Hg, Pb, and Cd are 0.00214, 0.00057, 0.00357, and 0.00083, respectively). The non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) and non-carcinogenic Hazard Index (HI) above one were shown. The carcinogenic risks (CR) higher than 10-6, which means one case of cancer over one million exposed people, is considered unacceptable, thus shown here. All scores in this table were calculated with maximal concentrations of each herbal medicine.