Table 1.
Patient-level characteristics for hospitalizations with HAI by calendar year
| HAI (n= 159,021) | 2008 (n = 18,564) | 2009 (n = 20,215) | 2010 (n = 18,267) | 2011 (n = 21,655) | 2012 (n = 21,320) | 2013 (n = 20,975) | 2014 (n = 21,085) | 2015* (n = 16,940) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (mean ± SE) | 76.2 ± 0.29 | 74.5 ± 0.35 | 74.8 ± 0.35 | 73.9 ± 0.36 | 72.6 ± 0.26 | 73.1 ± 0.24 | 71.8 ± 0.26 | 72 ± 0.27 | <0.0001 |
| 18–39 years | 1.0% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 2.5% | 2.3% | <0.0001 |
| 40–59 years | 9.1% | 11.8% | 11.2% | 13.0% | 14.9% | 13.6% | 15.3% | 14.6% | |
| 60–79 years | 42.7% | 45.5 | 44.4% | 45.4% | 46.5% | 46.7% | 48.8% | 50.2% | |
| ≥80 years | 47.2% | 41.2% | 42.6% | 40.0% | 36.7% | 38.0% | 33.3% | 32.9% | |
| ≥65 years | 83.1% | 78.7% | 78.8% | 76.8% | 74.7% | 76.0% | 72.9% | 73.6% | <0.0001 |
| Women | 54.6% | 51.6% | 53.7% | 52.9% | 51.9% | 51.9% | 50.3% | 49.6% | 0.0032 |
| Race | 0.34 | ||||||||
| White | 77.2% | 78.0% | 76.7% | 75.2% | 73.6% | 75.4% | 73.2% | 72.8% | |
| Black | 11.1% | 11.0% | 13.1% | 12.6% | 14.0% | 13.1% | 14.4% | 15.5% | |
| Hispanic | 6.2% | 6.0% | 5.6% | 7.0% | 6.7% | 6.8% | 6.7% | 6.7% | |
| Other | 5.6% | 5.0% | 4.6% | 5.3% | 5.7% | 4.7% | 5.8% | 4.9% | |
| Income quartiles† | 0.0016 | ||||||||
| 0–25 | 26% | 25.2% | 25.3% | 26.8% | 29.8% | 27.4% | 28.9% | 31.1% | |
| 26–50 | 26% | 24.3% | 24.8% | 23.3% | 22.6% | 25.8% | 27.5% | 25.3% | |
| 51–75 | 23.5% | 25.3% | 25.4% | 26.6% | 24.3% | 23.6% | 23.0% | 23.4% | |
| 76–100 | 24.5% | 25.2% | 24.5% | 23.3% | 23.4% | 23.2% | 20.7% | 20.1% | |
| Discharge diagnoses | |||||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 5.5% | 5.5% | 4.4% | 4.5% | 4.4% | 3.7% | 3.5% | 3.6% | <0.0001 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 22.1% | 23.0% | 21.1% | 20.0% | 20.9% | 19.8% | 18.7% | 17.9% | <0.0001 |
| Heart failure | 47.4% | 49.5% | 50.7% | 49.5% | 46.6% | 48.3% | 48.6% | 48.3% | 0.0038 |
| Cardiac arrest‡ | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.4% | <0.0001 |
| Valvular heart disease | 2.0% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 0.64 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.33 |
| Arrhythmia | 11.7% | 11.4% | 13.3% | 12.3% | 12.9% | 13.9% | 12.6% | 12.6% | 0.03 |
| Hypertension | 3.3% | 3.0% | 3.8% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 4.4% | 5.3% | 5.4% | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 0.05% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.16 |
| Respiratory diagnosis | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 0.004 |
| Infectious diagnosis | 2.3% | 2.9% | 3.3% | 4.9% | 5.1% | 5.4% | 6.1% | 7.1% | <0.0001 |
| Co-morbidities | |||||||||
| Cardiomyopathy | 19.5% | 25.0% | 24.9% | 24.5% | 24.6% | 25.7% | 28.1% | 28.4% | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 13.5% | 13.6% | 14.0% | 16.7% | 16.2% | 16.3% | 16.2% | 16.7% | <0.0001 |
| Valvular heart disease | 2.3% | 3.4% | 3.3% | 3.7% | 3.5% | 4.4% | 3.3% | 4.3% | 0.0002 |
| Hypertension | 57.9% | 59.6% | 61.6% | 63.4% | 64.0% | 64.9% | 65.4% | 65.2% | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes m\mellitus | 34.5% | 36.1% | 35.5% | 39.6% | 40.8% | 40.3% | 40.3% | 41.7% | <0.0001 |
| Obesity | 7.6% | 9.8% | 10.1% | 14.0% | 16.3% | 16.2% | 18.3% | 18.7% | <0.0001 |
| Smoker | 7.0% | 13.1% | 15.6% | 17.6% | 17.9% | 18.8% | 23.5% | 26.7% | <0.0001 |
| Weight loss | 12.6% | 15.9% | 16.0% | 19.0% | 18.4% | 17.8% | 18.6% | 18.7% | <0.0001 |
| AIDS | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.09 |
| Anemia | 30.5% | 33.5% | 35.6% | 37.5% | 37.4% | 37.1% | 36.7% | 38.0% | <0.0001 |
| Arthritis and collagen vascular disease | 2.7% | 2.4% | 3.2% | 4.0% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 4.1% | 4.3% | <0.0001 |
| Cancer | 5.7% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 5.8% | 6.2% | 5.7% | 5.7% | 6.1% | 0.74 |
| Chronic liver disease | 2.3% | 2.4% | 2.6% | 2.9% | 3.6% | 3.6% | 5.2% | 5.1% | <0.0001 |
| Chronic renal disease | 35.9% | 37.9% | 40.2% | 42.5% | 43.9% | 45.7% | 47.1% | 47.5% | <0.0001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 30.5% | 31.2% | 31.5% | 32.3% | 31.9% | 31.6% | 31.4% | 31.3% | 0.88 |
| Hypothyroidism | 13.1% | 13.8% | 14.9% | 16.3% | 16.7% | 17.2% | 17.8% | 17.1% | <0.0001 |
| Psychiatric | 10.8% | 11.1% | 12.3% | 14.2% | 13.4% | 14.9% | 15.2% | 15.1% | <0.0001 |
| Fluid/electrolyte disorder | 43.7% | 49.3% | 49.1% | 53.6% | 55.2% | 56.1% | 60.0% | 61.3% | <0.0001 |
| Coagulation disorder | 8.7% | 12.6% | 12.0% | 14.6% | 15.4% | 14.4% | 16.0% | 16.5% | <0.0001 |
| Substance abuse | 2.6% | 2.7% | 2.7% | 3.6% | 4.0% | 4.7% | 5.6% | 5.5% | <0.0001 |
| Hospital characteristics | |||||||||
| Teaching hospital | 50.9% | 53.0% | 50.7% | 54.9% | 58.7% | 57.8% | 68.8% | 70.2% | <0.0001 |
| Bed size | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Small | 11.6% | 9.6% | 9.4% | 9.0% | 10.2% | 10.9% | 15.2% | 14.5% | |
| Medium | 22.2% | 20.4% | 22.2% | 22.1% | 23.7% | 23.8% | 25.8% | 27.0% | |
| Large | 66.2% | 70.0% | 68.5% | 68.9% | 66.1% | 65.3% | 59.0% | 58.4% | |
| Region | 0.92 | ||||||||
| Northeast | 26.2% | 24.0% | 24% | 24.8% | 23.5% | 23.1% | 21.2% | 19.7% | |
| Midwest | 26.4% | 25.3% | 24.8% | 22.9% | 24.0% | 22.6% | 22.0% | 23.8% | |
| South | 31.8% | 33.7% | 33.7% | 34.3% | 35.6% | 36.5% | 38.1% | 37.3% | |
| West | 15.6% | 17.0% | 17.5% | 18.1% | 17.0% | 17.9% | 17.8% | 19.2% |
*
Only data until September 2015 presented.
†
Median household income quartiles based on patient zip code.
‡
Out-of-hospital.