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. 2021 Feb 15;776:145740. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145740

Table 3.

Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC), Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC), ecological Risk Quotients (RQ) and Environmentally acquired antiviral Drug Resistance Potential (EDRP) of potential therapeutic agents for COVID-19 in wastewater and environmental waters.

Substances PEC (ng/L)
 PNEC
 RQ
 EDRP (x 10−3)
Raw wastewater Secondary effluent River (ng/L) Raw wastewater Secondary effluent River Raw wastewater Secondary effluent River
Chloroquine 857 320 32 3700 0.23 0.086 0.0086 2.6 0.97 0.097
N-desethylchloroquine 171 135 13 55 3.1 2.5 0.25 0.57 0.45 0.045
Dexamethasone 3.0 2.9 0.29 50 0.060 0.058 0.0060 n.a.c n.a. n.a.
Favipiravir 64 63 6.3 91 0.71 0.69 0.069 0.0066 0.0064 0.00064
T705M1 4248 4168 417 81 53 52 5.2 0.40 0.39 0.039
Hydroxychloroquine 833 783 78.3 170 5.0 4.7 0.47 3.4 3.2 0.32
Lopinavir 880 71 7.1 4.7 190 15 1.5 0.81 0.066 0.0066
Lopinavir-M1 2840a 659a 66a 5.9 96–480b 7.8–39b 0.78–3.9b 2.6d 0.59d 0.059d
Lopinavir-M2 30
Lopinavir-M3/M4 30
Oseltamivir 113 110 11 4700 0.024 0.023 0.0023 0.0035 0.0035 0.00035
Oseltamivir carboxylate 600 589 59 120000 0.0049 0.0048 0.00048 0.021 0.021 0.0021
Remdesivir 55 54 5.4 31 1.8 1.7 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.012
GS-451524 270 265 26 240 1.1 1.1 0.11 1.2 1.2 0.12
Ribavirin 2102 2063 206 2700 0.77 0.75 0.075 0.079 0.077 0.0077
TCONH2 5440 5339 534 830 6.5 6.4 0.6 0.44 0.44 0.044
Ritonavir 373 26 2.6 2.9 128 8.9 0.89 0.060 0.0042 0.00042
Ritonavir-M2 604 106 11 20 30 5.3 0.53 0.095 0.017 0.0017
Teicoplanin 1654 1654 165 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.53 0.53 0.053
Umifenovir 1200 157 16 9.3 130 17 1.7 0.61 0.080 0.0080
Umifenovir-M10 90 86 8.6 160 0.58 0.55 0.055 0.039 0.037 0.0037
Umifenovir-M18 45 6 0.6 25000 0.0018 0.00023 0.000023 0.017 0.0022 0.00022
Umifenovir-M20 63 62 6.2 240000 0.00027 0.00026 0.000026 0.023 0.022 0.0022
a

The fraction of each of the four metabolites of lopinavir (M1 to M4) was not available, thus the sum of the four metabolites is shown.

b

The fraction of each of the four metabolites of lopinavir (M1 to M4) was not available, thus the range of RQ is shown, using the maximum and the minimum PNEC to the sum of four metabolites.

c

n.a.; not available. EDRP of dexamethasone was not available because it is a corticosteroid, not an antiviral agent.

d

The fraction of each of the four metabolites of lopinavir (M1 to M4) was not available, thus the EDRP was evaluated with the sum of the four metabolites.