Table 2.
In vivo studies of PDT on viruses from 2004 to 2020.
| Author / Year | Country | Virus | Virus genome type (Virus group) | Animal used | Photosensitizer (PS) / Concentration used / route of administration and time of exposure to PS | Light source / Wavelenght / Fluence / Pontence-density/ Time of exposure | Treatment protocol | Measurement of results | Treatment outcome | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee, R. G., et al. 2010 [48] | United States of America | Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) | DNA (non-enveloped) | New Zealand White rabbits and CB17-SCID mice | Phthalocyanine (Pc 4) | Diode laser | Full-thickness skin grafts were harvested from the back of the ears of the rabbits, and placed onto 7-mm wounds on the backs of CB-17 SCID mice (n = 26). After 3 weeks, the epithelium was inoculated with undiluted thawed 4 μl CRPV suspension, scarified through a 27-gauge hypodermic needle and added more 4 μl of the CRPV. Cutaneous papilloma were grown by approximately 4 weeks (score 5). Then, Pc 4-PDT was administered at sessions with an interval of 48 h. | The regression curve of papilloma growth curve was evaluated after 7 days with a microcaliper to measure and compare the mean slope of treated and control groups. | Tumor growth was reduced in the group treated with 1.0 mg/kg Pc 4 and 150 J/cm2 laser light, animals treated 13/15 (87%) has completely regressed. | The Pc 4-PDT may be a potential treatment for HPV-induced papilloma. |
| 0.6 or 1.0 mg/kg | 675 nm | |||||||||
| Intravenously via tail-vein | 100 or 150 J/cm2 | |||||||||
| 48 h | 75 mW/cm2 | The volume was calculated using the formula 4/3π × ½ length × ½ width × ½ height and recorded. | ||||||||
| – | ||||||||||
| Lim, M. E., et al. 2012 [49] | Singapore | Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) | RNA (enveloped) | BALB/c mice | Zinc phthalocyanine with upconversion nanoparticles (ZnPc-UCNs) | VD-IIIA DPSS NIR laser | Seven groups of BALB/c mice (n = 6) 1 to 2-day-old were used. Three groups of the suckling mice were inoculated intracranially with DENV2 (6.37 log10 PFU/mL) and treated with concentrations ZnPc-UCNs-PDT. The mice were observed for signs of dengue viremia for 15 days. | Mortality of the suckling mice was recorded and a Kaplane–Meier survival curve plotted. | The highest ZnPc-UCN concentration used (440 mg/mL) showed the survivability of the suckling mice was 100 % until the last day of observation, similar to negative control. | The use of ZnPc-UCNs-PDT in treatment modality for localized viral infections is promising. |
| 980 nm | ||||||||||
| 4, 44 or 440 mg/mL | 14 kJ/cm2 | |||||||||
| Intracranially | 0.47 W | |||||||||
| – | 10 min | |||||||||
| Wu, J., et al. 2015 [59] | China | Murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) | RNA (non-enveloped) | Oyster | Curcumin (CUR) | LED Blue light | Groups oyster (n = 6) were treated with concentrations of Cur and irradiated into an artificial seawater system (salinity 3.3 %) for 6 h at 10◦C. | The oysters’ intestine were removed and dissected out. | The oyster group treated with 10 μM of Cur-PDT has a reduction 0.76 log10 PFU/mL, and for 20 μM, reduction of 1.15 log10 PFU/mL. | The treatment of oysters Cur-PDT is a potentially efficacious and cost-effective method to inactivate food-borne NoV. |
| 5 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM | 470 nm | |||||||||
| – | 3.6 J/cm² | |||||||||
| – | 0.06 W/cm² | |||||||||
| 60 s |
PFU: plaque-forming unit.