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. 2021 Feb 15;58:102682. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102682

Table 2.

The potential effects of popular herbs & herbal supplements, vitamins, minerals and other supplements on the COVID-19 infection.

Category Keywords The Potential Relationship Between Coronavirus Pandemic and Herbs/Foods/Supplements References
Herbs & Herbal Supplements Acerola It has the high content of ascorbic acid and phytonutrients. Parakash and Baskaran, 2018
Andrographis Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata has been defined as a potential inhibitor of the main protease of SARS-COV-2. Enmozhi et al., 2020
Astragalus It has antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immune regulation. Yang et al., 2020
Cinchona Quinine which derived from the cinchona bark, is highly effective against the malaria and the efficacy of the chloroquine on the coronavirus has been discussed. Touret and de Lamballerie, 2020
Echinacea Echinacea is a source of potent antivirals for respiratory virus infections. Therefore, it was hypothesized that it can be antiviral agent for the coronavirus. Hensel et al., 2020
Elderberry (Sambucus Nigra) Elderberry is known as an immune supporting herb and the polyphenols of Sambucus have antiviral activity. Weng et al., 2019
Goldenseal Goldenseal has potential role in immune-modulatory effect. Clement-Kruzel et al, 2008
Mullein Mullein uses for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, asthma, coughs, diarrhea and other pulmonary problems. Turker and Camper, 2002
Oregano Oil It has antiviral efficacy against human norovirus. Gilling et al, 2014
Vitamins & Minerals Niacinamide B vitamins supplementation can play role in strong immune system. Villaruz-Sulit and Cabaluna, 2020
Vitamin A Retinoids have strength immunomodulatory, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Trasino, 2020
Vitamin C It was hypothesized that high dose intravenous Vitamin C can be beneficial for coronavirus patients in the early period. Carr, 2020;
Wilkinson, 2020.
Vitamin D Vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and coronavirus infections related deaths. Grant et al, 2020
Zinc Zinc level has a critical importance for the antiviral immune response. Read et al., 2019
Other Supplements Beta Glucan Beta glucan extracts have in vitro immunomodulatory and pulmonary cytoprotective effects. Murphy et al, 2020
Monolaurin Coconut oil and its components such as monolaurin, have potential impacts and safe antiviral agents against the coronavirus infections. Dayrit FM, Newport, MT, 2020
Quercetin Quercetin has health-improving effect, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity. It is also studied in an experimental, synergistic therapy with Vitamin C for the treatment of COVID-19 Colunga Biancatelli et al., 2020