Table 2.
Differences in demographics and clinical parameters between COVID-19 patients with and without Pleural effusion
| PE (N = 153) |
Without PE (N = 323) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| characteristics | |||
| Age, years | 62.32 ± 14.32 | 60.90 ± 13.56 | 0.296 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 87 (56.86%) | 166 (51.39%) | |
| Female | 66 (43.14%) | 157 (48.61%) | 0.264 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Diabetes | 26 (16.99%) | 44 (13.62%) | 0.332 |
| Hypertension | 49 (32.03%) | 92 (28.48%) | 0.429 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 15 (9.80%) | 34 (10.53%) | 0.809 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 5 (32.68%) | 18 (5.57%) | 0.280 |
| Cancer | 8 (5.22%) | 7 (2.17%) | 0.132 |
| Chronic renal disease | 9 (5.88%) | 5 (1.55%) | 0.020 |
| Others | 18 (11.76%) | 80 (24.77%) | 0.001 |
| Signs and symptoms | |||
| Fever | 117 (76.47%) | 277 (85.76%) | 0.012 |
| Conjunctival congestion | 3 (1.96%) | 4 (1.24%) | 0.686 |
| Nasal congestion | 2 (1.31%) | 2 (0.62%) | 0.597 |
| Headache | 6 (3.92%) | 14 (4.33%) | 0.834 |
| Cough | 99 (64.71%) | 208 (64.40%) | < 0.0001 |
| Sputum | 52 (33.99%) | 93 (28.29%) | 0.250 |
| Sore throat | 7 (4.58%) | 23 (7.12%) | 0.286 |
| Fatigue | 58 (37.91%) | 131 (40.56%) | 0.581 |
| Hemoptysis | 2 (1.31%) | 5 (1.55%) | 0.837 |
| Short breath | 65 (42.48%) | 100 (30.96%) | 0.014 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 12 (7.84%) | 25 (7.74%) | 0.969 |
| Musculoarthralgia | 10 (6.54%) | 22 (6.81%) | 0.911 |
| Respiratory rate > 24 breaths per min | 24 (15.69%) | 35 (10.84%) | 0.134 |
| Heart rate ≥ 125 beats per min | 3 (1.96%) | 147 (45.51%) | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg | 4 (2.61%) | 10 (3.10%) | 1.000 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| White blood cell count, × 109 per L | 6.94 ± 3.31 | 6.26 ± 2.99 | 0.026 |
| Neutrophils count, × 109 per L | 5.35 ± 3.19 | 4.59 ± 3.01 | 0.012 |
| Lymphocyte count, × 109 per L | 1.02 ± 0.74 | 1.16 ± 0.70 | 0.043 |
| Platelet count,, × 109 per L | 209.33 ± 85.92 | 239.74 ± 99.70 | 0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 48.80 (15.94–89.95) | 21.75 (6.63–58.13) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 118.73 ± 19.64 | 124.72 ± 29.27 | 0.022 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 12.10 (11.45–12.65) | 12.00 (11.50–12.50) | 0.401 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 29 (18–49) | 27 (18–46) | 0.714 |
| Aspartate transaminase, U/L | 32 (21–44) | 28 (20–40) | 0.096 |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | 12.22 ± 6.46 | 11.87 ± 6.27 | 0.580 |
| Urea, mmol/L | 6.88 ± 6.72 | 6.92 ± 19.13 | 0.980 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | 102.50 ± 122.85 | 98.55 ± 182.87 | 0.809 |
| Creatine, μmol/L | 61 (51–76) | 60 (50–70) | 0.237 |
| Lactic dehydrogenase, U/L | 312 (225–409) | 265 (215–333) | 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 97.03 (84.82–106.31) | 98.00 (88.20–108.01) | 0.305 |
| D-dimer, mg/L | 1.78 (0.71–5.78) | 0.87 (0.50–2.28) | < 0.0001 |
| Partial pressure of oxygen, mmHg | 84.09 ± 39.19 | 99.81 ± 45.46 | 0.001 |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 95 (92–98) | 97 (95–99) | 0.001 |
| Timeline after onset of illness | |||
| Time from illness onset to hospital admission, days | 10.88 ± 5.45 | 9.89 ± 5.63 | 0.072 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 27.76 ± 5.45 | 18.91 ± 0.97 | < 0.0001 |
| Timeline after onset of illness | |||
| Time from illness onset to hospital admission, days | 10.88 ± 5.45 | 9.89 ± 5.63 | 0.072 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 27.76 ± 5.45 | 18.91 ± 0.97 | < 0.0001 |
| Disease type | |||
| Common | 0.00 (0.00%) | 18 (5.57%) | |
| Severe | 87 (56.86%) | 276 (85.45%) | |
| Critical | 66 (43.14) | 29 (8.98%) | < 0.0001 |
| Survival | |||
| Alive | 143 (93.46%) | 320 (99.07%) | |
| Dead | 10 (5.54%) | 3 (0.93%) | 0.001 |