TABLE 1.

Descriptive ethogram of the observed behaviors

Behavior	Definition
Aggression
Open mouth stare	Unwavering gaze with widening of the eyes and mouth open
Head bob	Abrupt lowering of the head while staring at another individual
Brow flash	Staring with exaggerated raising and release of the eyebrows
Ear flaps	Staring while quickly pulling the ears forward and then releasing them
Lunge	Jump quickly at another individual
Slap	Hitting or striking another individual, contact is brief
Push	Shoving another individual, with hands, away from their present location. Contact is brief.
Chase	Running threateningly after the recipient
Wrestle/Grapple	Prolonged physical contact with another individual where one animal attempts to restrain or restrict the other’s movement
Pin	Holding an animal to the ground for at least 3 seconds
Bite	Physical contact involving the teeth
Affiliation
Groom	Picking, scraping, spreading, mouth picking, or licking of a monkey’s hair or skin for at least 5 seconds
Huddle	Motionless contact between two individuals for at least 5 seconds; does not count if tails are the only body part touching
Proximity	Remaining within arm’s length of another individual without touching for at least 5 seconds
Sexual
Mount	A male monkey grabs the hind legs of another monkey with his own feet and places his hands on the lower back of the recipient, thus hoisting himself off the ground; must include deliberate thrusting
Solicitation	Can be displayed as head bobs, hand slaps, jaw thrusts, lipsmacking, crouching, enlisting, presenting, or otherwise flirting
Hip Touch	A male is seen to touch the hips of the subject in as if to position themselves for a mount. This may or may not be done in response to a present and may or may not be followed by a mount