Table 4.
Effects of technology-supported exercise programs on the outcomes by program feature
| Features Examined for Each Outcome | Programs That Involved the Feature |
Programs That Did Not Involve the Feature |
Subgroup Difference (P Value) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of RCTs | SMD (95% CI) | P Value | Number of RCTs | SMD (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| Knee pain | |||||||
| Individualized exercise recommendation | 8 | −0.30 (−0.53 to −0.08) | .01 | 2 | −0.20 (−0.67 to 0.27) | .40 | .70 |
| Video-based exercise demonstration | 4 | −0.46 (−0.73 to −0.19) | .001 | 6 | −0.13 (−0.39 to 0.14) | .34 | .09 |
| Sensor-based motion and physical activity tracking | 5 | −0.32 (−0.59 to −0.05) | .02 | 5 | −0.24 (−0.54 to 0.07) | .13 | .69 |
| Monitoring of exercise progression | 9 | −0.27 (−0.49 to −0.05) | .02 | 1 | −0.39 (−0.97 to 0.20) | .19 | .71 |
| Educational materials | 9 | −0.34 (−0.52 to −0.15) | .001 | 1 | 0.28 (−0.41 to 0.97) | .42 | .09 |
| Reminder to perform exercise | 3 | −0.48 (−0.81 to −0.16) | .004 | 7 | −0.18 (−0.42 to 0.07) | .16 | .14 |
| Physical function | |||||||
| Individualized exercise recommendation | 8 | 0.22 (−0.04 to 0.49) | .10 | 3 | 0.19 (−0.27 to 0.64) | .43 | .89 |
| Video-based exercise demonstration | 4 | 0.48 (0.19 to 0.77) | .001 | 7 | 0.02 (−0.24 to 0.27) | .90 | .02 |
| Sensor-based motion and physical activity tracking | 6 | 0.14 (−0.19 to 0.46) | .40 | 5 | 0.29 (−0.04 to 0.61) | .08 | .52 |
| Monitoring of exercise progression | 9 | 0.24 (−0.01 to 0.49) | .06 | 2 | 0.10 (−0.43 to 0.63) | .71 | .64 |
| Educational materials | 9 | 0.25 (0.01 to 0.49) | .04 | 2 | −0.01 (−0.58 to 0.57) | .98 | .41 |
| Reminder to perform exercise | 3 | 0.48 (0.09 to 0.87) | .02 | 8 | 0.09 (−0.17 to 0.36) | .50 | .10 |
| Quality of life | |||||||
| Individualized exercise recommendation | 6 | 0.31 (0.08 to 0.54) | .01 | 2 | 0.01 (−0.48 to 0.50) | .97 | .29 |
| Video-based exercise demonstration | 2 | 0.29 (−0.12 to 0.69) | .16 | 6 | 0.23 (−0.06 to 0.52) | .12 | .83 |
| Sensor-based motion and physical activity tracking | 4 | 0.25 (−0.12 to 0.62) | .19 | 4 | 0.25 (−0.04 to 0.54) | .09 | .99 |
| Monitoring of exercise progression | 7 | 0.25 (0.02 to 0.49) | .04 | 1 | 0.24 (−0.52 to 1.00) | .53 | .98 |
| Educational materials | 6 | 0.31 (0.08 to 0.54) | .01 | 2 | 0.01 (−0.48 to 0.50) | .97 | .29 |
| Reminder to perform exercise | 1 | 0.59 (0.16 to 1.02) | .01 | 7 | 0.19 (−0.02 to 0.39) | .07 | .10 |
CI: confidence interval; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SMD: standardized mean difference.