Figure 13.

(a) Digital photographs obtained for a series of Pickering emulsions prepared using 1.0% w/w PSMA₁₄-PNMEP₄₉ spherical nanoparticles at various shear rates. Oil-in-water emulsions are formed in all cases, except when low-shear hand-shaking is used; this latter approach instead results in the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion. (b) Optical microscopy images recorded for the droplets prepared via hand-shaking or via homogenization at 3500, 7000, or 11 000 rpm (scale bar = 200 μm). (c) Shear rate dependence for the mean droplet diameter (as determined by laser diffraction) of Pickering emulsions prepared using PSMA₁₄-PNMEP₄₉ spheres as the sole emulsifier. The error bars represent the standard deviation of each volume-average droplet diameter rather than the experimental error. Reproduced from ref (212) (copyright 2016 Royal Society of Chemistry).