. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Small. 2020 Dec 28;17(4):e2004988. doi: 10.1002/smll.202004988

Table 1.

Strategies of chemical signal amplification.

Category	Strategy	Model system	Signal modality	Detection limit	Reference
Polymerization	Branched polymerization	Sandwich-type DNA hybridization	Opaqueness	1 fM	[67]
	Branched polymerization	Antigen-antibody binding	Surface plasmon resonance	2.19 fmol/spot	[69]
	Photoinitiated polymerization with macroinitiator	Spotted oligonucleotide	Opaqueness	~ amol/spot	[68]
Nanocatalyst	Au/Pt NPs peroxidation	Sandwich-type lateral flow immunoassay	Chromogenesis	3.1 pg/mL	[73]
Nanocatalyst	Porous Pt NPs peroxidation	Sandwich-type lateral flow immunoassay	Chromogenesis	0.8 pg/mL	[74]