Table 1.

Antioxidants and their potential benefit in diabetic wound healing.

	Drugs	Observation	Mechanism	Reference
Antimetabolism imbalance	Metformin	Improved angiogenic functions of ECs and EPCs	NO, AMPK/mTOR pathway	[72, 73]
	SGLT2i	Improve inflammation and endothelial function	Lower mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1	[74–76]
	DDP-4i	Antioxidative stress	Nrf2 pathway	[77, 78]
	Fenofibrates	Improve skin barrier	Wnt/β-catenin pathway	[79, 80]
	Statins	Promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis	PI3-kinase/Akt pathway	[81–83]
Therapy for diabetic neuropathy	ALA	Antioxidative stress	Inhibition of NF-κB	[64, 84, 85]
	Aldose reductase inhibitors	Antioxidative stress	Polyol pathway	[31]
	Coenzyme Q10	Ameliorates oxidant stress and apoptosis	Increasing energy generation of ATP	[86, 87]
Therapy for diabetic angiopathies	Cilostazol	Antiatherosclerosis		[88]
	Low molecular-weight heparin	Increase microcirculation	Anticoagulation	[89–91]
	Iloprost	Improve limb perfusion	/	[92]
Therapy for the diabetic skin	EGF	Antioxidative stress	/	[94]
	Biogenic AgNPs	Accelerate wound healing	Inhibit overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, antimicrobial	[95]
	NaB	Accelerate wound healing	Antimicrobial activity and improve proliferation	[96]
Therapy for infection	Antibiotics	Fight against for infection	/	[97, 98]
Plant ingredients for OS	Ferulic acid	Antioxidative stress	Reduce MMP (2, 8, 9) and increase TIMP-1 and 2	[99, 100]
	Chlorogenic acid	Antioxidative stress	Elevate the level of reduced glutathione	[102]
Potential antioxidants	The drug-loaded ROS-scavenging hydrogel	Accelerate wound healing	Decrease ROS level and upregulate M2 phenotype macrophages	[103]
	Deferoxamine	Promote neovascularization and regeneration	Suppress OS and activate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha ion	[104]
	Propolis	/	Increase GSH/GSSG) ratio	[108]
	N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC)	Accelerate wound healing	Accelerate wound healing	[109, 110]