Figure 4.

Effective treatment methods to overcome therapeutic resistance. PI3K-AKT and Keap1-Nrf2 signalling pathways are activated after radio- or chemotherapy for ROS production. The downstream antioxidant elements of these two pathways facilitate cancers with radio- and chemoresistance by resisting the cytotoxicity of high ROS. Halofuginone, trigonelline, delicaflavone, and perifosine are potential inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT or Keap1-Nrf2 pathway to reduce resistance and meet the need of radiosensition and chemosensition.