Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression examining the associations of unrest stress and COVID-19 stress with probable anxiety and depression by low and high assets
| Low assets (n = 1779) | High assets (n = 2232) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxietya | Depressionb | Anxietya | Depressionb | |||||
| aOR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Female | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.14 | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 0.07 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 0.02 | 1.3 (1–1.7) | 0.03 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 15–24 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 25–34 | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 0.03 | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 0.10 | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.73 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.65 |
| 35–44 | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 0.21 | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 0.09 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.61 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 0.99 |
| 45–64 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.57 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.32 | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.02 | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 0.42 |
| 65 or above | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.61 | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 0.14 | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.07 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.37 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 0.02 | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 0.01 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.72 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 0.06 |
| Education level | ||||||||
| Tertiary or above | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Secondary | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 0.03 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 0.01 | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.44 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 0.03 |
| Primary or no formal education | 1.8 (1.1–3.2) | 0.03 | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 0.06 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.79 | 2.2 (1.3–3.9) | 0.01 |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Employed | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Dependent | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.19 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.53 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 0.18 | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.19 |
| Unemployed | 2.3 (1.4–3.6) | < 0.01 | 2.3 (1.5–3.6) | < 0.01 | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | 0.71 | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 0.84 |
| Monthly household income (HK$)c | ||||||||
| $80,000 or above | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| $60,000–$79,999 | 0.9 (0.5–2.0) | 0.88 | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 0.28 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.56 | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 0.35 |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.30 | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.56 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.02 | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | < 0.01 |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 0.40 | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 0.24 | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.61 | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 0.01 |
| $19,999 or below | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 0.35 | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.48 | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.54 | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 0.02 |
| Income change | ||||||||
| Increased/stable | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Decreased | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | < 0.01 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.03 | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 0.01 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.08 |
| Stress group | ||||||||
| Low unrest stress and low COVID-19 stress | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| High unrest stress and low COVID-19 stress | 5.4 (2.7–11.1) | < 0.01 | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 0.02 | 1.6 (0.8–2.9) | 0.17 | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | 0.02 |
| Low unrest stress and high COVID-19 stress | 4.6 (2.0–10.4) | < 0.01 | 1.5 (0.9–2.6) | 0.14 | 1.2 (0.5–3.3) | 0.68 | 1.4 (0.7–3.1) | 0.38 |
| High unrest stress and high COVID-19 stress | 13.1 (6.6–26.1) | < 0.01 | 3.4 (2.3–5.0) | < 0.01 | 5.8 (3.2–10.3) | < 0.01 | 4.6 (2.8–7.4) | < 0.01 |
OR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval
aGAD-7 scores ≥ 10 were used to define probable anxiety
bPHQ-9 scores ≥ 10 were used to define probable depression
cUS$1 ≈ HK$7.80