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Trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA) The replicase transcribes a negative strand RNA with the 3′-nontranslated region (NTR). In turn, it uses the negative strand RNA as a template to transcribe a positive strand RNA from the 5′-NTR region. A promoter (arrow) initiates transcription into mRNA. Vaccine antigens come from the mRNA, which is mediated by cytoplasmic ribosomes. Created with BioRender.com
