Figure 4.

Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Caco-2 cells, measured as the fluorescence intensity (FI) of 20,70-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA). Caco-2 cells were treated for 24 h with 100 μg ml⁻¹ of Raw-BCP, Unstarted-BCP, and Started-BCP. A set of samples was exposed to 50 μM H₂O₂ in the last 6 h to induce oxidative stress. Levels of ROS in the untreated cells (negative control) and in cells treated only with H₂O₂ (positive control) were also reported. Data are the means (± SD) of three biological replicates analyzed in triplicate. Bars with different superscript letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).