Table 1.
Results from the multiple comparisons tests to evaluate the effects of the training strategies on the performance metrics during training.
| Comparison | Interaction forces | Assisting forces | Hitting performance | Deviation from pendulum ωn | Performance variability | Movement variability | Pendulum swing variability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control:ON - Control:OFF | 0.004 | 1.0 | 0.106 | <0.001 | 0.693 | 0.953 | <0.001 |
| eeMPC:ON - eeMPC:OFF | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.115 |
| HG:ON - HG:OFF | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ballMPC:ON - ballMPC:OFF | <0.001 | 0.289 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.223 | <0.001 |
| (Control:ON - Control:OFF) - (eeMPC:ON - eeMPC:OFF) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.162 |
| (Control:ON - Control:OFF) - (HG:ON - HG:OFF) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| (Control:ON - Control:OFF) - (ballMPC:ON - ballMPC:OFF) | 0.002 | 0.383 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.419 | 0.001 |
| (eeMPC:ON - eeMPC:OFF) - (HG:ON - HG:OFF) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.095 | 0.029 | 0.333 | 0.471 | <0.001 |
| (eeMPC:ON - eeMPC:OFF) - (ballMPC:ON - ballMPC:OFF) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| (HG:ON - HG:OFF) - (ballMPC:ON - ballMPC:OFF) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.837 |
ON stands for the robot-assisted training blocks (AssistanceON), while OFF stands for the catch-trial blocks without assistance (AssistanceOFF). The white-shaded rows are within-group differences, and gray-shaded areas rows are the interaction contrasts (between-group differences), performed when there was a significant Group x AssistanceON/OFF interaction as a result of ANOVA. Significant p-values are indicated in bold font.