Table 5.

Consistent gut microbiota alterations in pediatric patients with IBD compared to controls at different taxonomies.

References	(55)	(56)	(20)	(36)	(57)	(58)	(59)	(60)	(50)	Total
Sample	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	M	DF	↑	↓
α-dicersity
Richness	↓	↓	–	↓	↓	↓	↓	–	–	0	6
Diversity	↓	↓	–	↓	↓	↓	↓	–	–	0	6
β-diversity	D	D	–	–	D	N	–	D	D	D = 5
Class
Clostridia				↓					↓	0	2
Gammaproteobacteria				↑			↑			2	0
Order
Enterobacteriales				↑			↑			2	0
Family
Enterobacteriacese						↑	↑			2	0
Genus
Actinobacillus					↑	↑				2	0
Enterobacter	↑							↑		2	0
Escherichia					↑		↑	↑		3	0
Eubacterium		↓		↓						0	2
Haemophilus			↑		↑					2	0
Lactobacillus	↓								↓	0	2
Parabacteroides						↓			↓	0	2
Prevotella		↑						↑		2	0
Ruminococcus			↓		↓					0	2
Streptococcus	↑		↑					↑		3	0
Veillonella					↑	↑				2	0

Only bacteria, for which all included studies have agreed on the direction of difference, are displayed in the table. “$\uparrow$” = higher α diversity or bacteria are more abundant, in IBD compared to control; “$\downarrow$” = Lower α diversity or bacteria are less abundant, in IBD compared to control; “D” = bacterial β-diversity differ between IBD patients compared to controls; “N” = No difference in β-diversity; “–” = no information.

IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease; S, Stool; MLA, Mucosal-luminal interface aspirate; DF, Duodenal fluid.