Table 2.

Headache attributed to a substance or its withdrawal.

Headache attributed to use of or exposure to a substance

Nitric oxide (NO) donor-induced headache

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor-induced headache

Carbon monoxide (CO)-induced headache

Alcohol-induced headache

Cocaine-induced headache

Histamine-induced headache

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-induced headache

Headache attributed to exogenous acute pressor agent

Headache attributed to occasional use of non-headache medication

Headache attributed to long-term use of non-headache medication

Headache attributed to use of or exposure to other substance

Medication-overuse headache (MOH)

Ergotamine-overuse headache

Triptan-overuse headache

Non-opioid analgesic-overuse headache

Opioid-overuse headache

Combination-analgesic-overuse headache

Medication-overuse headache attributed to multiple drug classes not individually overused

Medication-overuse headache attributed to unspecified or unverified overuse of multiple drug classes

Medication-overuse headache attributed to other medication

Headache attributed to substance withdrawal

Caffeine-withdrawal headache

Opioid-withdrawal headache

Oestrozen-withdrawal headache

Headache attributed to withdrawal from chronic use of other substance

Modified by Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) (25).