Table 4.

Lifestyle recommendations.

1. Adequate hydration: ingest 1 ounce of fluid per kilogram of body weight (89)

Expected intake of fluids: 4–8 y (all) 1.2 L

9–13 y: 1.8 L (boys); 1.6 L (girls)

14–18 y: 2.6 L (boys); 1.8 L (girls)

2. Limit or avoid the use of caffeine-drinks and cup of coffee

3. Limit or avoid the use of smoking

4. Limit or avoid the use of alcohol

5. Limit or avoid the use of videogames, watching TV, and electronic devices

6. Regular exercise: start with a 5–10 min to walk for 3/5 days a week

7. Regular sleep: at least 8 h of sleep per night are recommended

8. No skipping meals

9. Avoid the use of substances of abuse

High consumption of cocktails (odds ratio = 3.4; 95% confidence interval 1.9–6.0) and coffee (2.4; 1.3–4.7), smoking (2.7; 1.4–5.1), and lack of physical activity (2.2; 1.3–3.7) were significantly associated with migraine plus TTH episodes, consumption of coffee, and physical inactivity particularly with migraine (3.4; 1.6–7.0; and 4.2; 2.2–7.9, respectively) and physical inactivity with TTH (1.7; 1.1–2.7). Couturier et al. (150), supposed that cerebral vasoconstriction during caffeine intake is followed by a rebound vasodilatation and increased arterial blood flow when caffeine is discontinued. Acute consumption of caffeine causes stimulation of the central nervous system, diuresis, gastric and muscle contraction, mucus secretions. It also decreased peripheral vascular resistance concomitant and increased cerebrovascular resistance and decreases smooth muscle tone, especially of the bronchial tree (27).