Table 3.
Studies focusing on T-follicular regulatory cells in human and solid-organ transplantation.
| Reference | Conditions | Loc | Definition | Major findings | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wallin EF et al, Blood (2014) (62) | - 5 KTR ttt with rituximab - 21 controls |
Lymph node | CD4+ CXCR5+ FOXP3+ CD127- CD57+ |
- Tfr are present in LN of KTR - Rituximab had no impact on Tfr cells - Tfr cells reduce IgA production by B cells in vitro |
|
| Xu X et al, Immunol Invest (2016) (85) | - 29 CAR - 5 hyperacute rejection - 12 acute allograft rejection |
Kidney | CXCR5+ FOXP3+ | - Tfr were rarely present in kidney tertiary lymphoid structures | Definition of CAR, acute rejection not clear |
| Chen W et al, Scientific reports (2017) (86) | - 88 KTR with chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) incl.40 with biopsy proven ABMR - 30 controls |
Blood | CD4+ CXCR5+ ICOS+ FOXP3+ CD127- |
- ABMR: lower numbers of bTfr and kidney Tfr compared to non AMBR CAD+ - Tfr from ABMR display normal inhibitory function - Sirolimus decrease ratio of Tfr - Tfr inhibit B cell proliferation and differentiation in KTR - Tfr regulation of B cell is dependent on CTLA4 |
No definition of CAD |
| Kidney | CD4+ CXCR5+ FOXP3+ |
||||
| Yan L et al, BMC Immunology (2019) (79) | - 34 CAD incl. 21 with biopsy (11 ABMR, 2 TCMR, 9 no rejection) - 33 controls |
Blood | CD4+ CXCR5+ FOXP3+ |
- Decreased frequency of bTfr and increased bTfh : Tfr ratio in CAD group - Increased serum CXCL13 and decreased serum TGF-β in CAD - bTfh:bTfr independent risk factor for low GFR and CAD |
CAD = eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 after 3 months post KT |
| Niu Q et al, Frontiers Immunol (2020) (61) |
|
Blood | CD3+ CD4+ CXCR5+ FOXP3+ |
- Decreased cTfr to cTfh in transplanted patient compared to controls - No association between anti-HLA antibodies or DSA and cTfr ot Tfh |
KTR, kidney transplant recipients; Tfr, T-follicular regulatory cell; cTfr, circulating Tfr; bTfr, blood Tfr; LN, lymph nodes; IgA, immunoglobulin A; GC, germinal centers; CAD, chronic allograft dysfunction; CAMR, chronic antibody mediated rejection; ABMR, antibody-mediated rejection; TCMR, T-cell mediated rejection; ttt, treated; CAR, chronic allograft rejection; Tx, transplantation; HLA, human leucocyte antigen; DSA, donor-specific antibodies.