Table 1.
Clinical trials using metformin combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for treatment of cancers.
| Tumor site | Sample size | Outcomes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| metastatic melanoma | 55 patients, 22 (40%) patients used metformin combined ICIs | ORR (68.2% vs. 54.5%, P = 0.31); DCR (77.3% vs. 60.6%, P = 0.19). Median OS (46.7 M vs. 28 M); Median PFS (19.8 M vs. 5 M); New metastatic sites (0.59 vs. 1.51, p=0.009) |
(31) |
| NSCLC | 50 patients, 21 (42%) patients used metformin combined ICIs | ORR (41.1 vs 30.7%, p = 0.4); DCR (70.5 vs 61.6%, p = 0.5); Median OS (11.5 vs 7.6 months, p = 0.5); Median PFS (4.0 vs3.0 months, p = 0.6) | (32) |
| NSCLC | 434 patients, 74 (17%) patients used metformin combined ICIs | A tendency to better OS in metformin users only in patients with a BMI >25 kg/m2 and the strength of the association was higher in patients with BMI >30 kg/m2 | (33) |
| NSCLC | 224 patients, 18 (8%) patients used metformin combined ICIs | Median PFS (3.3 vs. 6.0, P=0.562); Median OS (10.6 vs.13.1 , P= 0.440) | (34) |
| metastatic cancer | 210 patients, 23 (11%) patients used metformin combined ICIs | Clinical benefit rate (17.3% vs. 28%, P= 0.28) | (35) |
| Advanced Melanoma | 330 patients, 34 (10.3%) patients used metformin combined ICIs | Median PFS (11.1 vs. 5.6 months; P= 0.36) Median OS (27.6 vs. 26.0 month; P= 0.48) | (36) |
ORR, objective response rate; DCR, disease control rate; OR, overall survival; PFS, progression free survival.