Table 4.
Odds ratios for association of glucocorticoid exposure with patient and hospital level factors
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Patient level factors | ||
| Age | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | ------- |
| Female gender | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) | ------- |
| Race | ||
| White | [Reference group] | ------- |
| Black | 0.92 (0.51–1.65) | ------- |
| Asian | 0.93 (0.31–2.76) | ------- |
| Other | 1.15 (0.68–1.95) | ------- |
| Medicaid insurance | 0.99 (0.67–1.47) | ------- |
| Discharge year | ** | ------- |
| Laboratory billing code for >1 complete blood count per day* | 1.42 (0.68–2.94) | ------- |
| Laboratory billing code for venous or arterial blood gas* | 2.07 (0.84–5.09) | ------- |
| ICU level care* | 1.66 (0.65–4.24) | ------- |
| Hospital level factors | ||
| Systemic JIA volume# | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) | ------- |
| Hospital inpatient admissions per year | ||
| Low (≤ 12,000) | [Reference group] | [Reference group] |
| Medium-low (12,000–15,999) | 0.68 (0.24–1.94) | 0.47 (0.16–1.37) |
| Medium-high (16,000–21,000) | 0.30 (0.11–0.81) | 0.15 (0.05–0.44) |
| High (≥21,000) | 0.35 (0.13–0.95) | 0.30 (0.11–0.79) |
| Pediatric Rheumatology fellowship | 0.72 (0.38–1.35) | ------- |
| Region | ||
| Northeast | [Reference group] | ------- |
| Southeast | 0.59 (0.21–1.68) | 0.75 (0.28–2.06) |
| Southwest | 1.18 (0.36–3.85) | 1.35 (0.46–3.92) |
| Midwest | 0.97 (0.37–2.52) | 1.24 (0.46–3.36) |
| West | 1.27 (0.47–3.39) | 3.11 (0.98–9.89) |
*
Within first two hospital days of admission
#
Systemic JIA volume characterized as mean number of systemic JIA patients per year at each site. Not included in multivariable model due to collinearity with annual hospital volume.
**
Discharge year was not a significant predictor of glucocorticoid exposure and not included in multivariable model (see Figure 2).