Table 3.

ZP drilling at the blastocyst stage with infrared diode lasers (wavelength λ = 1480 nm)

Embryo type	Laser system	Exposure parameters (power/pulse duration)	Artificial hole size	Embryos (no.)	ZP drilling position close to the TE/ICM or botha	Purpose of ZP drilling	Ref.
Human	Research Instruments, UK	No data	10–20 μm	956	TE	Blastocyst biopsy	[54]
	ZILOS-tk, Hamilton Thorne, USA	285 mW/400 μs	Quarter ZP opening (≈ 100–150 μm)	195b	No data	LAH	[55]
		No data	20 μm	TE group, n = 16 ICM group, n = 16	Bothc	LAH	[42]
	No data	No data	20–25 μm	115 patients (128 cycles)d	Both	LAH	[44]
	OCTAX, Vitrolife, Sweden	No data	50 μm	TE group, n = 138 ICM group, n = 143	Both	LAH	[43]
Mouse	XYClone, Hamilton Thorne, USA	140 mW/–	20 μm	TE group, n = 125 ICM group, n = 125	Both	LAH	[52]
	Thorlabs, USA	–/2 ms	20 μm	30	No data	No hatching was observed	[56]
	Fertilase, MTM Medical Technologies, Switzerland	–/6 ms	No data	No data	TE	LAH	[35]
Cattle	Fertilase, MTM Medical Technologies	–/16 ms, No. of pulses: 1 or 4–5	Group 1: 7–15–μm wide, 40–μm long Group 2: 40 μm in diameter	Group 1, n = 48 Group 2, n = 44	No data	LAH	[53]

^aTE/ICM or both means that ZP drilling was performed either close to the TE, close to the ICM or both experimental groups were in the study

^bThe number of blastocysts that survived post-vitrification

^cThe blastocysts were in a dehydrated state, resulting in ZP drilling at a distance from the ICM

^dNo data reported regarding the total amount of embryos