Figure 2.
Comparative analysis of cytokine production by PBMC of patients with MS with or without MDD in response to different TLR ligands. The cytokine content in the supernatants collected from PBMC cultures (1 × 106/ml) of MS patients with (MS/MDD,n = 25) or without (MS,n = 25) MDD was maintained for 2 days in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 gg/ml), Pam3Csk4 (Pam3C, 1 lg/ml), flagellin (FLA, 1 µg/ml) and oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN, 1 µM/ml). The cytokine concentrations [(A) IL‐1β, (B) IL‐6, (C) IL‐18, (D) IL‐18, (E) TNF‐α, (F) GM‐CSF, (G) IL‐12, (H) IFN‐γ, (I) IL‐23, (J) IL‐17, (K) IL‐21, (L) IL‐22 and (M) IL‐10] were determined using Luminex. Data are shown as mean ±SD of seven independent experiments with 3 to 4 MS and 3 to 4 MS/MDD samples per experiment. Significance was calculated by comparing MS versus MS/MDD, and (*), (**) and (***) indicatepvalues <0.05, <0.001 and <0.0001