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. 2021 Feb 15;11:3798. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83299-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantitative analysis of fungal colonization in mycorrhizal M. truncatula roots treated with different CO solutions. A general promotion of fungal colonization was induced by all treatments. In more detail, the application of 1 g/L COs from P. ostreatus (Po 1 g/L) induced a significant increase in colonization frequency (F%) and arbuscule abundance in the whole root system (A%) compared to water-treated controls. A comparable increase in F% was also obtained using a 1 mg/L solution (Po 1 mg/L), which also produced a significant increase in arbuscule abundance in the colonized areas (a%). By contrast, shrimp-derived COs produced a significant increase in A% and M% (representing the average extension of fungal colonization in the root system), as well as a relevant but statistically non significant elevation of F%, when applied at high concentration (SH 1 g/L), but SH 1 mg/L produced the lowest increase in F% and only a significant increase in arbuscule abundance in the colonized areas (a%). No significant differences were observed in the intensity of the mycorrhization in colonized parts of the root system (m%). In short, P. ostreatus COs resulted to be more efficient promoters of AM colonization than shrimp COs, especially when used at low dosage. A minimum of four biological replicates were evaluated for each treatment. Asterisks indicate significant differences (Student’s t test: P < 0.05).