Table 1.
Demographics characteristics and cognitive and MRI measurements in study population at baseline.
| Variables | Total Samples (n = 211) | Treatment Groups | p valuea | Standardized Mean Differences between groupsb | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo group (n = 53) | Low flavanol intake group (n = 53) | Medium flavanol intake group (n = 53) | High flavanol intake group (n = 53) | |||||||||
| n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | |||
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Age (range 50–75) | 211 | 61.99 (6.44) | 53 | 62.35 (6.70) | 53 | 61.88 (6.10) | 53 | 61.65 (6.69) | 52 | 62.07 (6.41) | 0.955 | 0.059 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 91 | 43.10% | 22 | 41.50% | 23 | 43.40% | 23 | 43.40% | 23 | 44.20% | 0.994 | 0.027 |
| Female | 120 | 56.90% | 31 | 58.50% | 30 | 56.60% | 30 | 56.60% | 29 | 55.80% | ||
| Education Category | ||||||||||||
| Bachelor's or Less | 116 | 55.00% | 26 | 49.10% | 30 | 56.60% | 25 | 47.20% | 35 | 67.30% | 0.151 | 0.227 |
| More than Bachelor's | 95 | 45.00% | 27 | 50.90% | 23 | 43.40% | 28 | 52.80% | 17 | 32.70% | ||
| Cognitive Measures | ||||||||||||
| Baseline Novel Object-Recognition | 210 | 2680.6 (1309.4) | 53 | 2807.98 (1733.36) | 53 | 2579.94 (1026.18) | 53 | 2603.65 (999.31) | 53 | 2732.79 (1367.96) | 0.785 | 0.104 |
| Baseline List-Learning | 208 | 38.96 (8.45) | 53 | 38.91 (8.45) | 52 | 37.25 (8.19) | 52 | 39.75 (7.38) | 51 | 39.96 (9.62) | 0.349 | 0.177 |
| Baseline List-Sorting | 208 | 54.86 (8.94) | 53 | 52.89 (8.85) | 52 | 56.81 (8.91) | 52 | 54.60 (9.15) | 51 | 55.18 (8.65) | 0.16 | 0.23 |
| MRI Measures | ||||||||||||
| Baseline DG-CBV | 57 | 2.15 (0.69) | 15 | 2.44 (0.81) | 14 | 2.17 (0.69) | 14 | 2.11 (0.47) | 14 | 1.85 (0.67) | 0.153 | 0.442 |
| Other relevant variables | ||||||||||||
| aHEI | 211 | 66.36 (12.0) | 53 | 65.09 (11.44) | 53 | 68.78 (10.82) | 53 | 64.83 (14.3) | 52 | 66.74 (10.84) | 0.299 | 0.188 |
| gVLM | 208 | 30.44(55.84) | 51 | 19.70 (24.23) | 53 | 20.98 (34.28) | 53 | 44.32 (72.4) | 51 | 36.59 (72.06) | 0.0617 | 0.267 |
aBaseline differences are assessed using F-tests (3 df) for continuous measures and chi-square test (3 df) for dichotomous measures.
bStandardized absolute mean differences is calculated as the average absolute difference between all 6 comparisons of treatment groups divided by the overall standard deviation. Values > 0.25 are considered to be non-trivial imbalance due to chance.
aHEI, alternative Healthy Eating Index; gVLM, 5-(3ʹ,4ʹ-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone metabolites; DG-CBV, dentate gyrus-cerebral blood volume.