Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants across quintiles of plasma fibrinogen in the ENRICA study (N = 10,808).
| Plasma fibrinogen (g/L) | P* | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q 1 (lowest) (n = 2452) | Q 2 (n = 2593) | Q 3 (n = 1826) | Q 4 (n = 1832) | Q 5 (n = 2105) | ||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Fibrinogen, (g/L) (mean with SD) | 2.55 | 0.25 | 3.06 | 0.11 | 3.40 | 0.08 | 3.73 | 0.11 | 4.50 | 0.57 | ||
| Age, y (mean with SD) | 39.1 | 14.3 | 44.3 | 15.4 | 47.8 | 15.7 | 51.1 | 16.5 | 54.8 | 17.0 | < 0.001 | |
| Sex, men% | 61.4 | 52.8 | 47.1 | 42.6 | 40.0 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Educational level, % | ||||||||||||
| ≤ Primary | 18.0 | 23.8 | 29.5 | 35.8 | 40.6 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Secondary | 49.4 | 43.1 | 41.4 | 40.2 | 36.2 | |||||||
| University | 32.7 | 33.1 | 29.2 | 24.0 | 23.3 | |||||||
| Smoking status, % | ||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 47.5 | 46.1 | 46.2 | 47.1 | 48.5 | 0.014 | ||||||
| Former smoker | 25.3 | 27.9 | 25.4 | 23.4 | 23.7 | |||||||
| Current smoker | 27.2 | 26.0 | 28.5 | 29.5 | 27.8 | |||||||
| Heavy drinkera, % | 2.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 0.437 | ||||||
| Leisure-time physical activity, METs-h/w (mean with SD) | 33.5 | 24.8 | 30.0 | 22.6 | 27.0 | 20.7 | 24.4 | 18.5 | 23.0 | 18.5 | < 0.001 | |
| Energy intake, kcal/d (mean with SD) | 2361 | 652 | 2248 | 613 | 2188 | 614 | 2146 | 624 | 2093 | 630 | < 0.001 | |
| Body Mass Indexb, % | ||||||||||||
| Obesity | 11.8 | 17.0 | 22.1 | 28.3 | 34.0 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Morbidity, % | ||||||||||||
| Chronic lung diseasec | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 7.5 | 0.010 | ||||||
| Cardiovascular diseased | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 4.2 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Cancer | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.9 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Depression | 4.0 | 5.4 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 9.3 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 36.6 | 48.9 | 53.3 | 58.2 | 61.7 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Diabetes | 3.0 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 7.6 | 12.5 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Hypertension | 21.4 | 27.2 | 32.0 | 37.6 | 46.3 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.9 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 10.2 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Fibre intake, (g/d) (mean with SD) | 24.0 | 8.6 | 23.5 | 8.0 | 23.4 | 8.2 | 23.5 | 8.0 | 23.0 | 8.4 | 0.004 | |
| Carbohydrates intake, (g/d) (mean with SD) | 244.4 | 77.2 | 232.4 | 72.1 | 226.9 | 72.7 | 224.2 | 72.0 | 221.5 | 73.4 | < 0.001 | |
| Unsaturated fats intake, (g/d) (mean with SD) | 17.1 | 7.9 | 16.2 | 7.6 | 15.5 | 7.5 | 15.2 | 7.3 | 14.6 | 7.4 | < 0.001 | |
| Sodium intake, (mg/d) (mean with SD) | 3217.3 | 1268.6 | 3056.4 | 1208.3 | 2973.3 | 1213.3 | 2994.9 | 1275.1 | 2917.9 | 1285.8 | < 0.001 | |
| CRP, (mg/L) (mean with SD) | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.82 | 1.30 | < 0.001 | |
SD standard deviation, MET metabolic equivalent, Kcal kilocalories, CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
*P of the statistical significance differences between quintiles of plasma fibrinogen using the Chi-square, ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis tests.
aAverage alcohol intake ≥ 40 g/day in men and ≥ 24 g/day in women.
bBody mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2.
cAsthma or bronchitis.
dIschemic heart, congestive heart failure or stroke.