Table 3.
Geometric means of plasma concentration of fibrinogen by quintiles of micronutrient intake in the ENRICA study (N = 10,808).
| Micronutrient intake | P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q 1 (lowest. Reference) (n = 2161) Mean (g/L) (95% CI) |
Q 2 (n = 2162) Mean (g/L) (95% CI) |
Q 3 (n = 2162) Mean (g/L) (95% CI) |
Q 4 (n = 2162) Mean (g/L) (95% CI) |
Q 5 (n = 2161) Mean (g/L) (95% CI) |
||
| Carotenoids | ||||||
| Range (µg/d) | < 1573 | 1573–2261 | 2261–2994 | 2994–4136 | > 4136 | |
| Model 1a | 3.26 (3.22; 3.29) | 3.26 (3.17; 3.34) | 3.20 (3.12; 3.29)* | 3.22 (3.13; 3.30) | 3.20 (3.12; 3.29)* | 0.011 |
| Model 2b | 3.22 (3.15; 3.29) | 3.23 (3.12; 3.35) | 3.19 (3.07; 3.31) | 3.20 (3.09; 3.32) | 3.20 (3.08; 3.31) | 0.222 |
| Model 3c | 3.19 (3.10; 3.28) | 3.21 (3.07; 3.35) | 3.17 (3.03; 3.32) | 3.19 (3.05; 3.34) | 3.20 (3.05; 3.35) | 0.911 |
| Vitamin B6 | ||||||
| Range (mg/d) | < 1.6 | 1.6–1.8 | 1.8–2.0 | 2.0–2.4 | > 2.4 | |
| Model 1 | 3.26 (3.22; 3.30) | 3.24 (3.16; 3.32) | 3.22 (3.15; 3.31) | 3.20 (3.12; 3.28)** | 3.22 (3.14; 3.30) | 0.043 |
| Model 2 | 3.23 (3.16; 3.30) | 3.21 (3.10; 3.33) | 3.21 (3.10; 3.33) | 3.18 (3.07; 3.30)** | 3.21 (3.09; 3.33) | 0.271 |
| Model 3 | 3.19 (3.10; 3.28) | 3.19 (3.05; 3.33) | 3.20 (3.07; 3.35) | 3.20 (3.05; 3.34) | 3.24 (3.08; 3.40) | 0.139 |
| Vitamin C | ||||||
| Range (mg/d) | < 64.0 | 64.0–90.6 | 90.6–118.1 | 118.1–161.0 | > 161.0 | |
| Model 1 | 3.28 (3.24; 3.32) | 3.21 (3.13; 3.29)** | 3.25 (3.17; 3.33) | 3.18 (3.10; 3.26)*** | 3.22 (3.14; 3.30)** | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | 3.23 (3.16; 3.30) | 3.19 (3.08; 3.31) | 3.23 (3.12; 3.35) | 3.17 (3.06; 3.29)* | 3.22 (3.10; 3.33) | 0.519 |
| Model 3 | 3.19 (3.10; 3.28) | 3.15 (3.02; 3.30) | 3.20 (3.06; 3.34) | 3.15 (3.01; 3.29) | 3.19 (3.05; 3.35) | 0.786 |
| Vitamin E | ||||||
| Range (mg/d) | < 7.0 | 7.0–8.8 | 8.8–10.4 | 10.4–12.9 | > 12.9 | |
| Model 1 | 3.25 (3.22; 3.29) | 3.25 (3.17; 3.34) | 3.24 (3.16; 3.32) | 3.18 (3.10; 3.26)** | 3.20 (3.12; 3.28)* | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 3.22 (3.15; 3.30) | 3.22 (3.11; 3.35) | 3.22 (3.10; 3.34) | 3.16 (3.05; 3.28)** | 3.19 (3.07; 3.31) | 0.030 |
| Model 3 | 3.19 (3.10; 3.28) | 3.20 (3.07; 3.35) | 3.20 (3.06; 3.35) | 3.16 (3.02; 3.31) | 3.18 (3.03; 3.34) | 0.524 |
| Magnesium | ||||||
| Range (mg/d) | < 266.2 | 266.2–295.0 | 295.0–324.6 | 324.6–368.4 | > 368.4 | |
| Model 1 | 3.27 (3.23; 3.31) | 3.25 (3.17; 3.33) | 3.22 (3.14; 3.30)* | 3.20 (3.12; 3.29)** | 3.19 (3.11; 3.28)** | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 3.23 (3.16; 3.31) | 3.22 (3.10; 3.33) | 3.20 (3.09; 3.31) | 3.19 (3.07; 3.30)* | 3.19 (3.07; 3.31) | 0.047 |
| Model 3 | 3.19 (3.10; 3.28) | 3.18 (3.04; 3.32) | 3.17 (3.03; 3.32) | 3.16 (3.02; 3.31) | 3.17 (3.02; 3.33) | 0.571 |
| Iron | ||||||
| Range (mg/d) | < 11.5 | 11.5–12.7 | 12.7–13.7 | 13.7–15.3 | > 15.3 | |
| Model 1 | 3.27 (3.23; 3.31) | 3.24 (3.16; 3.32) | 3.21 (3.13; 3.30)* | 3.23 (3.14; 3.31) | 3.19 (3.11; 3.28)** | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | 3.24 (3.16; 3.31) | 3.22 (3.10; 3.34) | 3.19 (3.08; 3.31) | 3.21 (3.09; 3.33) | 3.19 (3.07; 3.31) | 0.050 |
| Model 3 | 3.19 (3.10; 3.28) | 3.17 (3.04; 3.31) | 3.15 (3.01; 3.29) | 3.16 (3.02; 3.31) | 3.14 (2.99; 3.29) | 0.114 |
*p ≤ 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001. P values for differences in plasma fibrinogen levels across quintiles of micronutrients intake (quintile 1 as reference) using the above linear regression models.
aModel 1: linear regression model adjusted for age and sex.
bModel 2: adjusted as model 1 and for educational level (≤ Primary, Secondary, University), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker), heavy drinking (yes, no), leisure-time physical activity (quintiles of METs-h/w), energy intake (quintiles of kcal/d), Body Mass Index ≥ 30 (yes, no), chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension and rheumatoid arthritis (yes, no).
cModel 3: adjusted as model 2 and for fibre (quintiles of intake), carbohydrates (quintiles of intake), unsaturated fats (quintiles of intake), sodium (quintiles of intake) and all other micronutrients in the table (quintiles of intake).