Table 1.
AR constituent metabolites.
| Serial no. | Metabolite | Associated pathways/functions |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Gallic acid | Mucous protection, astringent effects |
| 2. | Ellagic acid | Antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects |
| 3. | Biocytin | Vitamin H (biotin) metabolism |
| 4. | Methylcobalamin | Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) metabolism |
| 5. | L-methionine | Amino acid metabolism |
| 6. | Pyridoxamine phosphate | Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) metabolism |
| 7. | Prostaglandin B1 | Prostaglandin formation from arachidonate |
| 8. | 4-Hydroxy-all-trans-retinyl_acetate | Vitamin A (retinol) metabolism |
| 9. | 13’-carboxy-alpha-tocotrienol | Vitamin E metabolism |
| 10. | Cholic acid | Bile acid metabolism |
| 11. | 1alpha,24 R,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitetrol) | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) metabolism |
| 12. | Guanylic acid | Purine metabolism |
| 13. | Carbamoyl phosphate | Pyrimidine metabolism |
| 14. | 5-formiminotetrahydrofolate | Vitamin B9 (folate) metabolism, Histidine metabolism |
| 15. | Nicotinate D-ribonucleoside | Vitamin B3 (nicotinate and nicotinamide) metabolism |
| 16. | Sulfate derivative of norepinephrine (noradrenaline sulfate) | Tyrosine metabolism |
| 17. | 12-oxo-20-dihydroxy-leukotriene_B4 | Leukotriene metabolism |
| 18. | 5S,6S-epoxy-15S-hydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid | Arachidonic acid metabolism or putative anti-inflammatory metabolite |
The list of AR constituent metabolites identified from HPLC, HPTLC, and LC-MS analysis.