Table 1.
Molecules that interact with CAV and PCV ORF3 proteins.
| Viruses | Cellular localization | Interacting molecules | Biological effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAV | Nucleus | PML | The disruption of the interaction between the PML and ORF3 proteins does not affect their cytotoxicities | (Heilman et al., 2006) |
| CDK1 and CDK2 | Induce ORF3 Thr108 phosphorylation; regulate ORF3 subcellular localization | (Maddika et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2013) | ||
| PKC β | Make ORF3 phosphorylated | (Jiang et al., 2010; Bullenkamp et al., 2015) | ||
| APC1 | Induces cell cycle arrest in mitosis | (Teodoro et al., 2004) | ||
| DEDAF |
|
(Danen-van Oorschot et al., 2004) | ||
| Cytoplasm | Nmi | May alter the activity of Nmi | (Sun et al., 2002) | |
| Importin β1 | Facilitates ORF3 nuclear translocation | (Poon et al., 2005; Kuusisto et al., 2008) | ||
| PI3K | Activates PI3K and Akt; facilitates Akt nuclear translocation | (Maddika et al., 2007; Maddika et al., 2008) | ||
| Hippi | Co-localizes with ORF3 protein in the cytoplasm of non-cancerous cells, whereas in tumor cells, the ORF3 protein migrates to the nucleus and Hippi remains in the cytoplasm | (Cheng et al., 2003) | ||
| Ppil3 | Facilitates cytoplasmic localization of ORF3 | (Huo et al., 2008) | ||
| FADD | Co-localizes in so-called death effector filaments | (Guelen et al., 2004) | ||
| Bcl10 | Co-localizes to cytoplasmic filaments; regulates apoptosis and NF-κB activation | (Guelen et al., 2004) | ||
| Hsp70 | Inhibit the Hsp70 expression and reduce its transcription | (Chen et al., 2011; Yuan et al., 2013) | ||
| Hsc70 | Affects ORF3-induced Akt phosphorylation | (Chen et al., 2011) | ||
| PCV | Cytoplasm | pPirh2 | Leads to the accumulation of p53 and induction of a caspase cascade to apoptosis in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis | (Leng et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2007) |
| RGS16 | Causes ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of RGS16 and increases NF-κB translocation into the nucleus through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway; induces an increase in IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA transcripts | (Timmusk et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2015) | ||
| / | DDE-like transposase |
|
(Timmusk et al., 2006) |