Table 3.
The mean proportions of the eight brain regions (brain-functional sets) for each of the ten clusters identified after the hierarchical cluster analysis (see Figure 3).
| Cluster | Taxa | Species | INFF | VERT | BASAL | BRAC | PEDAL | PALL | CHRF | OPTIC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n = 5) |
Spirulidae Sepiolidae Brachioteuthidae Enoploteuthidae |
Spirula spirula Heteroteuthis (Heteroteuthis) dispar Brachioteuthis riisei Abralia (Asteroteuthis) veranyi Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis) morisi |
0.617 (0.243–0.991) |
3.909 (2.706–5.112) |
10.061 (5.772–14.349) |
3.190 (2.094–4.286) |
5.886 (3.341–8.430) |
6.827 (5.593–8.061) |
1.212 (0.427–1.998) |
68.298 (58.633–77.963) |
| 2 (n = 3) |
Sepiidae |
Sepia officinalis Sepia elegans Sepia orbignyana |
0.414 (0.055–0.773) |
8.919 (7.041–10.797) |
10.529 (6.501–14.557) |
3.214 (1.196–5.231) |
7.233 (6.049–8.417) |
8.912 (4.911–12.913) |
2.025 (1.653–2.397) |
58.755 (56.430–61.080) |
| 3 (n = 5) |
Sepiolidae |
Sepiola rondeletii Sepiola affinis Sepiola robusta Sepietta oweniana Rossia macrosoma |
0.698 (0.211–1.184) |
3.946 (2.705–5.188) |
11.658 (7.886–15.429) |
4.369 (2.879–5.859) |
8.610 (6.529–10.691) |
9.985 (7.444–12.526) |
1.937 (1.509–2.365) |
58.797 (50.247–67.347) |
| 4 (n = 6) |
Loliginidae |
Loligo vulgaris Loligo (Alloteuthis) media Alloteuthis subulata Lolliguncula (Lolliguncula) brevis Sepioteuthis sepioidea Loligo forbesii |
0.678 (0.062–1.2934 |
5.535 (4.827–6.242) |
8.236 (5.189–11.284) |
2.646 (1.304–3.987) |
5.835 (3.762–7.908) |
6.092 (3.853–8.331) |
1.706 (1.055–2.357) |
69.272 (60.224–78.320) |
| 5 (n = 6) |
Architeuthidae Ommastrephidae |
Architeuthis dux Illex illecebrosus Illex coindetii Todarodes sagittatus Todaropsis eblanae Onychoteuthis banksii |
0.481 (0.241–0.721) |
4.217 (2.872–5.562) |
9.329 (7.164–11.494) |
5.863 (1.501–10.226) |
7.219 (5.553–8.886) |
8.075 (6.716–9.434) |
1.823 (1.203–2.444) |
62.992 (54.435–71.549) |
| 6 (n = 6) |
Chiroteuthidae Cranchiidae |
Chiroteuthis veranii veranii Grimalditeuthis bonplandii Taonius pavo Galiteuthis glacialis Megalocranchia sp. Teuthowenia megalops |
0.586 (-0.049–1.221)a |
2.604 (1.809–3.399) |
5.011 (3.397–6.626) |
2.812 (1.003–4.621) |
3.890 (2.019–5.760) |
5.355 (2.814–7.896) |
0.811 (0.206–1.416) |
78.932 (69.909–87.955) |
| 7 (n = 6) |
Cranchiidae |
Cranchia scabra Leachia pacifica Helicocranchia papillata Bathothauma lyromma Sandalops melancholicus Egea inermis |
0.339 (0.262–0.417) |
3.264 (2.336–4.193) |
6.666 (4.775–8.557) |
2.688 (1.816–3.559) |
4.395 (2.888–5.901) |
6.749 (2.992–10.506) |
0.561 (0.174–0.947) |
75.336 (68.749–81.924) |
| 8 (n = 4) |
Gonatidae Tremoctopodidae Amphitretidae |
Gonatus (Gonatus) fabricii Tremoctopus violaceus Japetella sp. Eledonella sp. |
1.468 (-0.625–3.561)b |
3.375 (2.374–4.376) |
6.107 (3.344–8.869) |
3.206 (1.991–4.422) |
6.026 (4.377–7.675) |
6.609 (4.643–8.576) |
0.447 (-0.166–1.060)c |
72.761 (63.750–81.772) |
| 9 (n = 7) |
Octopodidae Enteroctopodidae |
Octopus vulgaris Octopus bimaculatus Octopus salutii Octopus defilippi Callistoctopus macropus Pteroctopus tetracirrhus Enteroctopus dofleini |
4.212 (3.208–5.216) |
6.383 (4.979–7.787) |
7.181 (5.825–8.538) |
9.089 (6.767–11.411) |
10.924 (8.109–13.738) |
10.944 (6.185–15.702) |
1.187 (0.489–1.885) |
50.080 (39.674–60.486) |
| 10 (n = 4) |
Eledonidae Bathypolypodidae |
Eledone moschata Eledone cirrhosa Bathypolypus sponsalis Benthoctopus piscatorum |
6.427 (4.666–8.187) |
6.779 (4.208–9.349) |
10.478 (9.382–11.575) |
11.649 (6.972–16.326) |
13.731 (7.699–19.763) |
15.695 (13.179–18.210) |
1.332 (1.038–1.626) |
33.908 (21.171–46.645) |
For each cluster the table also includes: number of species, taxa represented (attribution to Families, see Table 1 for reference and current taxonomy and nomenclature), list of species, the 95% Confidence Intervals for each structure (in parentheses). Whenever the lower bound of the 95% Confidence Interval for the mean is negative, we also report as a footnote minimum and maximum values. The mean values are suggested to represent different cerebrotypes for the group of cephalopod species considered. Analysis of differences between mean proportions of cerebrotypes are shown in Supplementary Table 5. For abbreviations identifying cephalopod brain-functional sets see Supplementary Table 2.
Minimum = 0.222; maximum = 1.807.
Minimum = 0.305; maximum = 3.209.
Minimum = 0.000; maximum = 0.793.