Table 1.
Maternal, Household, and Infant Baseline Characteristics
| Baseline Characteristicsa | HIV Exposed | HIV Unexposed | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers, No. | 726 | 3937 | |
| Infants, No. | 738 | 3989 | |
| Trial arm | .17 | ||
| SOC | 166/738 (22) | 960/3989 (24) | |
| IYCF | 158/738 (21) | 963/3989 (24) | |
| WASH | 205/738 (28) | 996/3989 (25) | |
| IYCF+WASH | 209/738 (28) | 1070/3989 (27) | |
| Household characteristics | |||
| Size, median (IQR) | 4 (3–6) | 5 (3–6) | <.001 |
| Wealth quintileb | <.001 | ||
| Lowest | 191/712 (27) | 680/3659 (19) | |
| Second | 167/712 (23) | 706/3659 (19) | |
| Third | 136/712 (19) | 743/3659 (20) | |
| Fourth | 106/712 (15) | 767/3659 (21) | |
| Highest | 112/712 (16) | 763/3659 (21) | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 29.2 (6.3) | 25.6 (6.6) | <.001 |
| Height, cm, mean (SD) | 160.2 (6.2) | 160.1 (5.8) | .84 |
| MUAC, cm, mean (SD) | 26.2 (2.9) | 26.4 (3.1) | .17 |
| Completed schooling, y, mean (SD) | 9.1 (2.1) | 9.6 (1.8) | <.001 |
| Parity, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | <.001 |
| Married | 643/682 (94) | 3546/3717 (95) | .27 |
| Employed | 67/710 (9) | 311/3655 (9) | .38 |
| Religion | .13 | ||
| Apostolic | 330/726 (45) | 1762/3937 (45) | |
| Other Christian religion | 288/726 (40) | 1685/3937 (43) | |
| Other non-Christian religion | 108/726 (15) | 490/3937 (12) | |
| HIV disease severity and treatment | |||
| CD4 count in pregnancy, cells/μL, mean (SD)c | 474 (221) | NA | |
| CD4 count <200 cells/μL | 46/613 (8) | NA | |
| Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis during pregnancyd | 402/726 (55) | NA | |
| ART during pregnancye | 587/726 (81) | NA | |
| Tenofovir-based ART regimen | 391/587 (67) | NA | |
| Zidovudine-based ART regimen | 116/587 (20) | NA | |
| Other/unknown regimenf | 80/587 (14) | NA | |
| Infant characteristics | |||
| Female sex | 367/733 (50) | 1962/3974 (49) | .73 |
| Birth weight, kg, mean (SD) | 2.99 (0.50) | 3.08 (0.50) | <.001 |
| Birth weight <2500 g | 84/651 (13) | 326/3574 (9) | .004 |
| Institutional delivery | 544/649 (84) | 3208/3604 (89) | .001 |
| Vaginal delivery | 610/659 (93) | 3411/3664 (93) | .64 |
| Breastfeeding duration, mo, mean (SD) | 14.8 (3.7) | 16.4 (3.1) | <.001 |
Data are presented as no./no. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; IYCF, infant and young child feeding; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; NA, not applicable; SD, standard deviation; SOC, standard of care; WASH, water, sanitation, and hygiene.
aBaseline for mothers was 2 weeks after consent (~14 weeks’ gestation). Baseline for infants was at birth.
bWealth index constructed as described in Chasekwa et al, PLoS One 2018; 13:e1099393.
cCD4 cell count at baseline visit, or at 32 gestational weeks’ visit if no baseline result.
dAny documented exposure to co-trimoxazole during pregnancy.
eAny documented exposure to ART during pregnancy.
fIncludes non-tenofovir-based or non-zidovudine-based regimens, use of both tenofovir and zidovudine during pregnancy (including switching regimens), or undocumented ART regimen.