Table 1.

MODS scoring systems

Scoring system	Description	Parameters	Allotted scores to each parameter
SOFA score (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) [31]	It is derived from the extent of dysfunction of six different organ systems to predict mortality. Evaluation: On admission & reassessed every 24 h until the patient is discharged utilizing the worst parameters computed during the initial 24 hours. Implications: Development of organ dysfunction can be deduced by the individual scores for each organ. Additionally, as the aggregate of scores on one ICU day and through the whole period of ICU stay, as the aggregate of the worst scores.	• Respiratory (PaO2/FIO2 in mmHg) • Coagulation (platelet count x103/μL) • Hepatic (bilirubin in μmol/L) • Cardiovascular mean arterial pressure or administration of vasoactive agents (dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine in μg/kg/min) • Renal (creatinine μmol/L) • Neurological (GCS)	0–4
qSOFA score [31]	Quick SOFA used in noncritical care setting at the bedside. Patients >18 years of age with suspicion or confirmed infection with increased risk of in-hospital mortality or prolonged ICU stay (>3 days). It is not a diagnostic tool for sepsis. This score is a predictor of mortality (score of 01: low risk of in-hospital mortality; score 23: high risk). Interpretation: a positive score warrants the evaluation of a SOFA score to confirm the presence of sepsis.	• Altered mental status(GCS < 15) • Respiratory rate > or equal to 22/min • Systolic blood pressure <  or equal to 100 mmHg	0–1
APACHE IV (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) [32]	The score is most commonly used for predicting the length of ICU stay and assessing the risk of short-term mortality from actual clinical data obtained on the first day after admission. Additionally, aids in the evaluation of the severity and prognosis of critically ill diseases.	• Age • Glasgow coma scale • vital signs (temp, MAP, heart rate, respiratory rate) • Oxygenation (PaO2, FiO2 arterial pH) • Urine output/biochemistry (sodium, potassium, creatinine, acute renal failure) • Hematology (hematocrit, WBC) • Severe organ system insufficiency or is immunocompromised	–
Marshall’s MOD score [33]	Simple physiologic measures of dysfunction in six organ systems, which correlated well with the eventual risk of ICU and hospital mortality.	• Respiratory(PaO2/FIO2 in mmHg) • Renal(creatinine in μmol/L) • Hepatic (bilirubin in μmol/L) • Cardiovascular mean arterial pressure or administration of vasoactive agents required (dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in μg/kg/min) • Coagulation (platelet count x103/μL) • Neurological (GCS)	0–4 OR presence of organ dysfunction/failure
Denver MOF score [34]	Monitor the severity of MODS in patients with traumatic injury with ISS >15 and survived >48 h and are older than 16 years of age.	• Respiratory(PaO2/FIO2 in mmHg) • Hepatic(bilirubin in μmol/L) • Renal(creatinine μmol/L) • Cardiac inotropes (dopamine)	0–3
Predisposition, infection, response, and organ dysfunction (PIRO) score [35]	The PIRO system was developed for ED patients with suspected infection for bedside use at clinical presentation. The four components of this system include various known independent factors that may influence the onset, development, and outcome of sepsis.	• Predisposition (age, COPD, liver disease, nursing home resident, malignancy) • Infection (skin/soft tissue infection, any other infection, pneumonia) • Response [respiratory rate (bpm), bands, heart rate (bpm)] • Organ dysfunction [SBP (mmHg), BUN (mmol/l), respiratory failure/hypoxemia, lactate (mmol/l), platelet count (x109/l)]	0–4
Mortality Prediction Models (MPM-II) [36]	Four models have been proposed: MPM II at admission and at 24, 48 and 72 h.	• Physiology (coma/deep stupor, heart rate = 150, systolic blood pressure = 90). • Chronic diagnoses (chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, metastatic neoplasm). • Acute diagnoses (acute renal failure, cardiac dysrhythmia, cerebrovascular incident, gastrointestinal bleed, intracranial mass effect). • Other factors (CPR prior to admission, mechanical ventilation within 1 hr of admission, medical/unscheduled surgical admit)	0–1
SAPS II (Simplified Acute Physiology Score) [37]	Within the first 24 h of ICU admission, the worst physiological variables, corresponding to the highest number of points, should be collected. The score gauges the mortality risk for a group of patients, but is not predetermined to describe an individual patient's chance of survival. Within a single ICU setting, the score can be employed for quality improvement and other initiatives.	• Age • Twelve physiological variables (including the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, neurological, hematological system, hepatic) • Type of admission (scheduled surgical, unscheduled surgical, or medical) • Three underlying disease variables (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, metastatic cancer, and hematologic malignancy)	0–163 points