. 2021 Mar 15;279:109896. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.109896

Table 4.

Composition of lycopene, β-carotene, total soluble solids (TSS) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) content of tomatoes growing in soil, and two hydroponic systems; deep water culture and drip irrigation.

Parameter	Growth environment			Growth environment
	Polytunnel experiment (2018)			Glasshouse experiment (2019)
	DWC	DI	S	DWC	DI	S
Lycopene (mg/100 m L⁻¹)	0.008 ± 0.007^b	0.02 ± 0.006^a	0.016 ± 0.01^ab	0.16 ± 0.03^a	0.14 ± 0.01^a	0.06 ± 0.02^b
β-carotene (mg/100 m L⁻¹)	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.098 ± 0.03^a	0.039 ± 0.03^b	0.028 ± 0.01^b
TSS (Brix°)	2.9 ± 0.9^b	4.2 ± 0.3^a	3.6 ± 0.6^ab	3.4 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.24	3.0 ± 0.8
TAA (%)	20.2 ± 10.1^b	53.2 ± 26.1^a	67.3 ± 9.0^a	79.1 ± 9.1	77.3 ± 16.7	65.9 ± 25.1

n.d. = β-carotene levels in tomatoes were not assessed in the polytunnel experiment. Means with standard errors were calculated from 7 replicates.