TABLE 1.

Apramycin resistance elements identified through susceptibility testing of E. coli BW25113 ΔtolC ΔbamB expressing aminoglycoside resistance enzymes

Aminoglycoside resistance mechanism	Resistance gene	E. coli BW25113 ΔtolC ΔbamB MIC (μg/ml)
None	None	4
Drug modification	aac(3)-IVa	≥512
	apmA	64
Target modification	kamB	≥512
	npmA	≥512