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. 2021 Feb 16;20:96. doi: 10.1186/s12936-021-03635-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Geospatial variation of within-host and population level genetic diversity of P. falciparum parasites in Vhembe. a Multiplicity of infection (MOI) measured as the second highest number of alleles detected at any of the 26 loci across the different source health districts in the Vhembe District. The dashed red line indicates the mean MOI = 2.13. b Within-host diversity index (outbreeding, 1-F_WS) measured across the different source health districts. The dashed red line indicates the mean 1-F_WS = 0.22. c Population level genetic diversity measured as the distribution of heterozygosity in 26 microsatellite loci across the different source health districts. The dashed red line indicates the mean heterozygosity = 0.74. Pairwise P values (t-test) are indicated in all plots where, not significant: P > 0.05; *: P ≤ 0.05; **: P ≤ 0.01; ***: P ≤ 0.001; ****: P ≤ 0.0001. d Heatmap showing matrix of between source health district pairwise F_ST. The range of F_ST values for the pairwise comparisons is shown in the legend and significance was tested using the Monte Carlo method