Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Variables | Malaria infection | Clinical malaria | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (527) | Controls (129) | P-value | Cases (N = 411) | Controls (N = 245) | P-value | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 26.5 ± 6.3 | 26.2 ± 6.2 | 0.641 | 26.4 ± 6.2 | 26.4 ± 6.3 | 0.988 |
| Gravidity (no. (%)) | 0.176 | 0.250 | ||||
| Primigravida | 88 (16.7) | 25 (19.4) | 69 (16.8) | 44 (18.0) | ||
| Secundigravida | 92 (17.5) | 14 (10.8) | 74 (18.0) | 32 (13.0) | ||
| Multigravida | 347 (65.8) | 90 (69.8) | 268 (65.2) | 169 (69.0) | ||
| MiP preventive strategy | ||||||
| Standard IPTp-SP | 262 (49.7) | 70 (54.3) | 0.355 | 212 (51.6) | 120 (49.0) | 0.520 |
| CSST/IPTp-SP | 265 (50.3) | 59 (45.7) | 199 (48.4) | 125 (51.0) | ||
| SP doses uptake | ||||||
| < 3 doses | 283 (53.7) | 52 (40.3) | 0.006 | 223 (54.3) | 112 (45.7) | 0.034 |
| ≥ 3 doses | 244 (46.3) | 77 (59.7) | 188 (45.7) | 133 (54.3) | ||
| ITN usagea | 413 (78.4) | 108 (83.7) | 0.152 | 326 (79.3) | 195 (79.6) | 0.934 |
| Infant’s characteristics | ||||||
| Birth season [no. in malaria high-transmission season (%)] | 323 (61.3) | 84 (65.1) | 0.422 | 242 (58.9) | 165 (67.4) | 0.031 |
| Gender [no. females (%)] | 272 (51.6) | 64 (49.6) | 0.684 | 201 (48.9) | 135 (55.1) | 0.125 |
| LBW (< 2500 g) (no. (%)) | 45 (8.5) | 6 (4.6) | 0.140 | 40 (9.7) | 11 (4.5) | 0.015 |
| PME (no. (%)) | < 0.001 | 0.021 | ||||
| Active PM | 113 (23.7) | 16 (13.8) | 87 (23.1) | 42 (19.4) | ||
| Past PM | 223 (46.8) | 43 (37.0) | 177 (47.1) | 89 (41.0) | ||
| MPI | 53 (11.1) | 19 (16.4) | 47 (12.5) | 25 (11.5) | ||
| Non-exposed | 88 (18.4) | 38 (32.8) | 65 (17.3) | 61 (28.1) | ||
| Ethnicity [no. (%)] | 0.443 | 0.410 | ||||
| Mossi | 471 (89.4) | 122 (94.6) | 366 (89.1) | 227 (92.7) | ||
| Gourounsi | 52 (9.9) | 6 (4.6) | 42 (10.2) | 16 (6.5) | ||
| Fulani | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.8) | ||
| Samo | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Haemoglobinb | ||||||
| AA | 293 (56.8) | 75 (58.6) | 0.960 | 235 (58.3) | 133 (55.2) | 0.428 |
| AC | 137 (26.5) | 34 (26.6) | 100 (24.8) | 71 (29.5) | ||
| AS | 67 (13.0) | 16 (12.5) | 53 (13.2) | 30 (12.4) | ||
| SC | 12 (2.3) | 2 (1.5) | 8 (2.0) | 6 (2.5) | ||
| SS | 7 (1.4) | 1 (0.8) | 7 (1.7) | 1 (0.4) | ||
PME prenatal malaria exposure, PM Placental malaria, MPI maternal peripheral infection during pregnancy, IPTp-SP Intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine, CSST/IPTp-SP community based-scheduled screening and treatment of malaria in addition to the standard IPTp-SP
aITN usage the last night before delivery
bHaemoglobin genotyping was successful for 644 (98.2%) with a total of 516 infants who experienced P. falciparum infection while 403 developed a clinical case