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. 2021 Feb 15;12:132. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02202-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Smad7 reduce BMP2-induced chondrogenic differentiation and dilate hypertrophic differentiation. a The experimental design of Smad7 regulation during chondrogenic differentiation and hypertrophic differentiation. b Alcian blue staining for sulfated glycosaminoglycans in micromass cultures of hSMSCs on day 7 after transduction of indicated recombinant adenoviruses, gross observation, and microscope examination (40X) are shown. c Type II collagen (COL2) protein level was measured after 7 days by immunohistochemical analysis. Microscope bars was 100 μm. d COL10 protein level was measured after 7 days chondrogenic cultured and 7 days hypertrophic cultured by immunohistochemical analysis and both gross observation and microscope examination exhibits Smad7 promote its expression level. Bars 100 μm. e MMP13 protein level also measured by immunohistochemical staining. f Immunohistochemical staining quantification results were analyzed by ImageJ software. g RT-qPCR assay determined that Smad7 inhibits the expression of chondrogenic relative factors, including SOX9, Aggrecan, and COL2 at BMP2-induced chondrogenic differentiation. h Smad7 potentiates the expression of hypertrophic relative factors of hSMSCs. RT-qPCR assay was determined that hypertrophic differentiation relative factors, including RUNX2, COL10, and MMP13. All of the quantification data are done in triplicate and shown as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01