Table 1.

Major 3D skin models in humans and mice

Type of models	Species	Specificities	References
Skin explants cultivated ex vivo (from biopsies)	Mouse	Skin explants cultured on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)	[22]
Reconstructed human epidermis: on an acellular de-epidermized dermis (aDED) support	Human	Primary keratinocytes cultured onto an aDED to reconstruct an epidermis. The keratinocytes being differentiated through ALI	[81, 83]
Reconstructed mouse epidermis: on an acellular de-epidermized dermis (aDED) support	Mouse		[84]
Reconstructed human epidermis: on plastic filter support	Human	Keratinocytes cultured at ALI on an inert surface (e.g. polycarbonate insert filter)	[91, 92]
Reconstructed mouse epidermis: on plastic filter support	Mouse		[94]
Reconstructed human epidermis: on a dermal substitute made of biomaterials	Human	Seeding of keratinocytes on a dermal substitute made of biomaterials (collagen, hyaluronic acid, alginate…). A multilayered epidermis is obtained following the differentiation of keratinocytes at ALI	[89, 95]
Full thickness skin: on dermal substitute made of biomaterials and populated with fibroblasts	Human	Seeding of keratinocytes on a living dermal substitute (collagen mixed with fibroblasts). A multilayered skin equivalent is obtained following the differentiation of keratinocytes at the ALI	[99–101]
	Mouse	Mouse skin epidermis model. Mouse keratinocytes cultured at ALI on a living dermal substitute (type-I collagen with murine dermal fibroblasts)	[102]
Full thickness skin: DED populated with fibroblasts	Human	Keratinocytes seeded on a DED populated with fibroblasts and cultured at ALI	[97]
Full thickness skin: combining a DED populated with fibroblasts	Human	Keratinocytes seeded on a DED populated with fibroblasts and cultured at ALI	[98]
Complex Full thickness skin: pigmented models	Human	Skin equivalent additionated with melanocytes	[121]
Complex Full thickness skin: skins diseases related models	Human	Psoriasis or melanoma models	[123, 127]
Immunocompetent 3D skin equivalent	Human	3D skin model comprising of: dendritic cells (incl. Langerhans cells) or T-cells	[120, 123–125]
Full thickness skin: reconstituted from immortalized cells	Human	3D skin culture techniques using immortalized keratinocytes and fibroblasts to produce a multilayered human skin equivalent	[109, 110]
Full thickness skin: reconstituted from iPSCs-derived cells	Human	Multilayered epidermal structure reconstituted from human keratinocytes and fibroblasts cells derived from iPSCs	[113]
Full thickness hair-bearing skin: organoid system	Human	Multilayered epidermal structure exhibiting hairs reconstituted thanks to an organoid system	[117]
3D Skin obtained by bioprinting	Human	Automated process used to overlay sheets of cells to obtain a complex skin architecture	[129]
Skin-on-chip systems	Human	Technology combining reconstructed skin tissues with microsystems	[132]