Table 11.
GHG emission analysis of ethanol production
| Procedure or Item | Energy type | |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity [30, 40–42] | Coal [30, 40–42] | |
| Pretreatment | 95 kWh/t ethanol | – |
| Fermentation | 50 kWh/t ethanol | – |
| Rectification | 25 kWh/t ethanol | – |
| Dehydration | 40 kWh/t ethanol | – |
| Residue handling | 143 kWh/t ethanol | – |
| Accessory equipment | 20 kWh/t ethanol | 611.2 kg/t ethanol |
| By-product production | 106 kWh/t ethanol | – |
| Denaturing | 7.416 kWh/t ethanol | – |
| Avoided by by-products | − 106 kWh/t ethanol | – |
| Energy consumption | 380.416 kWh/t ethanol | 611.2 kg/t ethanol |
| Carbon coefficients | 0.26 kg CO2 eq /kWh | 0.52 kg CO2 eq /kg coal |
| Carbon emission | 98.91 kg CO2 eq/t ethanol | 317.824 kg CO2 eq/t ethanol |