Table 3.
Odds ratio and 99% confidence intervals of the predictors of better subjective well-being among 49,069 Chinese oldest-old people
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic factors | |||
| Ages 90–99 (vs. 80–89) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86)** | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
| Ages ≥100 (vs. 80–89) | 0.69 (0.63, 0.74)** | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25)* | 1.14 (1.04, 1.27)* |
| Men (vs. women) | 1.46 (1.37, 1.55)** | 0.88 (0.81, 0.96)** | 0.88 (0.81, 0.96)** |
| Han nationality (vs. ethnic minorities) | 1.68 (1.46, 1.93)** | 1.49 (1.29, 1.72)** | 1.50 (1.30, 1.73)** |
| ≥ 1 years of schooling (vs. 0 year) | 1.78 (1.67, 1.89)** | 1.10 (1.02, 1.20)* | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20)* |
| White-collar (vs. others) | 2.58 (2.34, 2.84)** | 1.28 (1.14, 1.44)** | 1.28 (1.14, 1.44)** |
| Separated (vs. married and not separated) | 0.61 (0.48, 0.79)** | 0.79 (0.60, 1.04) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.05) |
| Divorced (vs. married and not separated) | 0.63 (0.40, 1.00)* | 0.71 (0.42, 1.18) | 0.72 (0.43, 1.19) |
| Widowed (vs. married and not separated) | 0.64 (0.60, 0.69)** | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90)** | 0.84 (0.77, 0.91)** |
| Never married (vs. married and not separated) | 0.65 (0.48, 0.89)* | 0.88 (0.62, 1.25) | 0.88 (0.62, 1.24) |
| Have been widowed (vs. no) | 0.72 (0.67, 0.78)** | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) | |
| City (vs. rural areas) | 2.25 (2.10, 2.41)** | 1.55 (1.42, 1.69)** | 1.56 (1.44, 1.70)** |
| Town (vs. rural areas) | 1.32 (1.23, 1.42)** | 1.16 (1.07, 1.25)** | 1.16 (1.07, 1.25)** |
| Heath related factors | |||
| ADL score | 0.88 (0.87, 0.90)** | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99)** | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
| ADL disability (vs. no) | 0.69 (0.63, 0.75)** | 1.36 (1.17, 1.57)** | |
| Self-rated health | |||
| Very good (vs. fair) | 8.24 (7.52, 9.03)** | 6.75 (6.12, 7.44)** | 6.76(6.13, 7.45)** |
| Good (vs. fair) | 2.27(2.11, 2.44)** | 2.02(1.88, 2.18)** | 2.02(1.88, 2.18)** |
| Bad (vs. fair) | 0.56(0.49, 0.64)** | 0.65 (0.57, 0.75)** | 0.65 (0.56, 0.74)** |
| Very bad (vs. fair) | 0.27 (0.15, 0.46)** | 0.38 (0.22, 0.67)** | 0.37 (0.21, 0.66)** |
| Number of natural teeth | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02)** | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
| Blind (vs. normal) | 0.44 (0.40, 0.48)** | 0.75 (0.67, 0.83)** | 0.75 (0.67, 0.83)** |
| Vision loss (vs. normal) | 0.45 (0.42, 0.49)** | 0.67 (0.61, 0.73)** | 0.66 (0.61, 0.73)** |
| Deaf (vs. normal) | 0.49 (0.41, 0.59)** | 0.77 (0.63, 0.94)* | 0.78 (0.64, 0.95)* |
| Hearing loss (vs. normal) | 0.56 (0.52, 0.60)** | 0.81 (0.75, 0.87)** | 0.81 (0.75, 0.88)** |
| Systolic blood pressure | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)* | 279.39 (0.13, 5.99 × 105) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00)** | 0.00 (1.66 × 10−6,7.65) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
| Pulse pressure | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (1.68 × 10−6, 7.70) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Heart rate | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00)** | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Hypertension (vs. no) | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) |
| Diabetes (vs. no) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.24) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.21) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) |
| Heart disease (vs. no) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease (vs. no) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.92)** | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) |
| Respiratory disease (vs. no) | 0.86 (0.79, 0.94)** | 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) |
| Cancer (vs. no) | 0.97 (0.63, 1.48) | 1.12 (0.718, 1.79) | 1.11 (0.70, 1.77) |
| Comorbidity of self-reported diseases (vs. no) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.03) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) |
| Food frequency score | 1.21 (1.19, 1.22)** | 1.08 (1.07, 1.10)** | 1.08 (1.07, 1.10)** |
| Smoking at present (vs. never smoking) | 1.28 (1.18, 1.38)** | 1.07 (0.98, 1.18) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.18) |
| Smoked in the past (vs. never smoking) | 1.37 (1.27, 1.48)** | 1.16 (1.06, 1.28)** | 1.17 (1.07, 1.28)** |
| Drinking at present (vs. never drinking) | 1.37 (1.27, 1.47)** | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19)* | 1.09 (1.00, 1.18)* |
| Drank in the past (vs. never drinking) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) |
| Exercising at present (vs. never exercising) | 2.65 (2.49, 2.82)** | 1.47 (1.36, 1.58)** | 1.48 (1.37, 1.59)** |
| Exercised in the past (vs. never exercising) | 1.32 (1.20, 1.44)** | 1.10 (1.00, 1.22) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.23) |
| Social factors | |||
| Living alone (vs. living with family members) | 0.82 (0.75, 0.89)** | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | |
| Living in an institution (vs. living with family members) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.31) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.52) | |
| Number of cohabitants | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04)* | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) |
| Number of biological siblings | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05)** | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04)* | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04)* |
| Siblings at death (vs. no) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) |
| Number of children | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03)* | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04)** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04)** |
| Children at death (vs. no) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90)** | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) |
| Leisure activities | 1.10 (1.09, 1.10)** | 1.04 (1.03, 1.04)** | 1.04 (1.03, 1.04)** |
| Financial independence (vs. no) | 2.29 (2.14, 2.45)** | 1.23 (1.13, 1.35)** | 1.24 (1.13, 1.35)** |
| Caregiver when sick | |||
| Nobody (vs. family members) | 0.63 (0.50, 0.80)** | 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) | 0.95 (0.72, 1.27) |
| Live-in caregiver (vs. family members) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.45) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.26) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.26) |
| Social services (vs. family members) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.31) | 1.18 (0.89, 1.55) | 1.34 (1.14, 1.59)** |
| Friends or neighbors (vs. family members) | 0.61 (0.41, 0.90)* | 0.94 (0.60, 1.45) | 0.93 (0.60, 1.45) |
| Access to adequate medical services (vs. no) | 3.51 (3.01, 4.09)** | 1.91 (1.60, 2.27)** | 1.91 (1.61, 2.27)** |
Abbreviation: ADL activities of daily living. Model 1 was only adjusted for the year of follow-up. Model 2 included the year of follow-up and all potential predictors. Because of multicollinearity, model 3 removed the variables of having been widowed, ADL disability, heart disease, co-residence, and systolic blood pressure. Level of significance: * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.001. Only factors that were statistically significant in all three models were considered as statistically significant predictors