Table 1.

Association between parasite and cytokine levels.

aMean cytokine level (pg/ml) among the infection status [Raw Data]
	CCL$11\pm$sem	p-value	IL-10$\pm$sem	p-value	IL-5$\pm$sem	p-value	TNF-α ± sem	p-value
Uninfected	45.9 ± 3.9b	<0.001	10.7 ± 7.6b	<0.001	4.3 ± 2.7b	0.027	3.4 ± 2.1a	0.0038
N. americanus only	98.5 ± 19.2a		14.9 ± 3.3ab		10.5 ± 4.1a		5.9 ± 1.7b
P. falciparum only	34.8 ± 5.2b		18.9 ± 3.1ab		3.8 ± 1.8b		5.6 ± 1.2b
Na + Pf co-infected	78.5 ± 12.4a		39.9 ± 12.2a		2.8 ± 1.0b		7.3 ± 1.2b
bAssessing the effect of disease classification status on the cytokine levels [log10 transformed data]
Covariate	Log CCL11 $\beta [95\%\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}]$	p-value	Log IL-10 $\beta [95\%\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}]$	p-value	Log IL-5 $\beta [95\%\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}]$	p-value	Log TNF-α $\beta [95\%\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}]$	p-value
Age in years	0.01 [−0.00, 0.01]	0.092	−0.04 [−0.07, −0.02]	0.001	−0.01 [−0.03, 0.01]	0.32	−0.03 [−0.05, −0.02]	0.00065
Male	ref		ref		ref		ref
Females	0.13 [−0.08, 0.34]	0.220	−0.14 [−0.88, 0.59]	0.700	−0.18 [−0.87, 0.52]	0.62	−0.65 [−1.26, −0.03]	0.042
Uninfected	ref		ref		ref		ref
N. americanus only	0.47 [0.15, 0.80]	0.005	2.40 [1.26, 3.54]	<0.0001	0.98 [−0.09, 2.05]	0.075	1.27 [0.32, 2.23]	0.01
P. falciparum only	−0.24 [−0.57, 0.10]	0.170	2.11 [0.94, 3.28]	0.001	−0.11 [−1.21, 1.00]	0.85	1.26 [0.27, 2.24]	0.014
Na + Pf co-infected	0.45 [0.13, 0.78]	0.007	2.08 [0.95, 3.22]	0.001	0.03 [−1.04, 1.10]	0.96	0.59 [−0.37, 1.54]	0.23

^aUnivariate analysis for estimating difference in cytokine levels by disease classification using one way analysis of variance. The p value is by ANOVA. Superscripts with different letters are significant difference [Turkey’s contrast].

^bMultivariate multiple linear regression analysis adjusting for age and sex. $\beta$: Estimated effect of covariate on cytokine level, CI: Confidence interval, Na: Na, Necator americanus; Pf, Plasmodium falciparum.