Table 3.
Characteristics of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 by race/ethnicity
| Hispanic No. (%) | Black No. (%) | Asian No. (%) | NH/PI No. (%) | AI/AN No. (%) | White No. (%) | Other No. (%) | Unknown No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Total no. of patients | 2,898 | 368 | 533 | 98 | 77 | 3,751 | 485 | 326 |
| Age (years) | 57.6 ± 17.0 | 61.9 ± 16.7 | 67.4 ± 17.0 | 55.9 ± 17.3 | 58.3 ± 15.6 | 70.5 ± 16.2 | 65.5 ± 16.6 | 62.5 ± 17.2 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1,255 (43.3%) | 163 (44.3%) | 254 (47.7%) | 50 (51.0%) | 33 (42.9%) | 1,762 (47.0%) | 229 (47.2%) | 139 (42.6%) |
| Male | 1,643 (56.7%) | 205 (55.7%) | 279 (52.3%) | 48 (49.0%) | 44 (57.1%) | 1,989 (53.0%) | 256 (52.8%) | 187 (57.4%) |
| Insurance | ||||||||
| Commercial | 546 (18.8%) | 66 (17.9%) | 141 (26.5%) | 29 (29.6%) | 10 (13.0%) | 532 (14.2%) | 99 (20.4%) | 71 (21.8%) |
| Medicaid | 1,873 (64.6%) | 229 (62.2%) | 250 (46.9%) | 46 (46.9%) | 46 (59.7%) | 1,461 (38.9%) | 264 (54.4%) | 158 (48.5%) |
| Medicare | 353 (12.2%) | 69 (18.8%) | 130 (24.4%) | 19 (19.4%) | 21 (27.3%) | 1,711 (45.6%) | 107 (22.1%) | 85 (26.1%) |
| Uninsured/Self-pay | 77 (2.7%) | 4 (1.1%) | 6 (1.1%) | 3 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (0.4%) | 3 (0.6%) | 6 (1.8%) |
| Other insurance | 2 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Neighborhood-level | ||||||||
| Median income | 62,443 ± 16,270 | 65,898 ± 21,196 | 76,028 ± 24,288 | 64,616 ± 20,996 | 63,676 ± 18,927 | 72,623 ± 24,352 | 72,011 ± 25,977 | 71,588 ± 25,702 |
| % Crowded housing | 12.4 ± 7.9 | 8.4 ± 6.9 | 6.6 ± 5.6 | 5.1 ± 4.5 | 3.9 ± 3.5 | 4.7 ± 4.6 | 7.5 ± 6.2 | 5.9 ± 5.6 |
| % Minority | 67.5 ± 24.8 | 61.8 ± 27.5 | 51.2 ± 21.5 | 40.0 ± 23.4 | 34.1 ± 20.4 | 35.0 ± 20.5 | 50.5 ± 23.2 | 42.7 ± 22.5 |
| % Limited English | 22.9 ± 10.7 | 16.6 ± 9.5 | 16.1 ± 9.5 | 11.4 ± 8.5 | 6.7 ± 6.1 | 10.7 ± 9.4 | 17.6 ± 10.8 | 12.9 ± 9.4 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 861 (29.7%) | 191 (51.9%) | 242 (45.4%) | 43 (43.9%) | 35 (45.5%) | 1,751 (46.7%) | 189 (39.0%) | 121 (37.1%) |
| Diabetes | 851/2,893 (29.4%) | 145 (39.4%) | 182 (34.1%) | 43 (43.9%) | 24 (31.2%) | 966/3,744 (25.8%) | 123/484 (25.4%) | 85 (26.1%) |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Underweight | 47/2,891 (1.6%) | 14/367 (3.8%) | 37/530 (7.0%) | 3 (3.1%) | 2 (2.6%) | 142/3,732 (3.8%) | 8/482 (1.7%) | 9 (2.8%) |
| Normal | 528/2,891 (18.3%) | 85/367 (23.2%) | 247/530 (46.6%) | 19 (19.4%) | 15 (19.5%) | 982/3,732 (26.3%) | 116/482 (24.1%) | 78 (23.9%) |
| Overweight | 919/2,891 (31.8%) | 105/367 (28.6%) | 165/530 (31.1%) | 25 (25.5%) | 20 (26.0%) | 1,069/3,732 (28.6%) | 161/482 (33.4%) | 109 (33.4%) |
| Class 1 Obesity | 735/2,891 (25.4%) | 77/367 (21.0%) | 52/530 (9.8%) | 20 (20.4%) | 17 (22.1%) | 737/3,732 (19.7%) | 109/482 (22.6%) | 54 (16.6%) |
| Class 2 Obesity | 348/2,891 (12.0%) | 40/367 (10.9%) | 14/530 (2.6%) | 12 (12.2%) | 10 (13.0%) | 399/3,732 (10.7%) | 51/482 (10.6%) | 50 (15.3%) |
| Class 3 Obesity | 314/2,891 (10.9%) | 46/367 (12.5%) | 15/530 (2.8%) | 19 (19.4%) | 13 (16.9%) | 403/3,732 (10.8%) | 37/482 (7.7%) | 26 (8.0%) |
| Chronic respiratory disease | ||||||||
| Asthma | 131 (4.5%) | 32 (8.7%) | 38 (7.1%) | 13 (13.3%) | 13 (16.9%) | 297 (7.9%) | 31 (6.4%) | 19 (5.8%) |
| COPD | 56 (1.9%) | 35 (9.5%) | 26 (4.9%) | 3 (3.1%) | 13 (16.9%) | 530 (14.1%) | 33 (6.8%) | 16 (4.9%) |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 121 (4.2%) | 25 (6.8%) | 54 (10.1%) | 10 (10.2%) | 7 (9.1%) | 540 (14.4%) | 47 (9.7%) | 25 (7.7%) |
| Myocardial infarction | 96 (3.3%) | 28 (7.6%) | 35 (6.6%) | 6 (6.1%) | 4 (5.2%) | 245 (6.5%) | 33 (6.8%) | 26 (8.0%) |
| Congestive heart failure | 207 (7.1%) | 60 (16.3%) | 57 (10.7%) | 12 (12.2%) | 12 (15.6%) | 683 (18.2%) | 61 (12.6%) | 37 (11.3%) |
| Kidney disease | 389 (13.4%) | 81 (22.0%) | 106 (19.9%) | 21 (21.4%) | 12 (15.6%) | 749 (20.0%) | 74 (15.3%) | 37 (11.3%) |
| Liver disease | 97/2,893 (3.4%) | 11 (3.0%) | 27 (5.1%) | 2 (2.0%) | 16 (20.8%) | 162/3,744 (4.3%) | 13/484 (2.7%) | 17 (5.2%) |
| Cancer | 97/2,893 (3.4%) | 22 (6.0%) | 26 (4.9%) | 2 (2.0%) | 8 (10.4%) | 349/3,744 (9.3%) | 19/484 (3.9%) | 16 (4.9%) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 2.0 (1.0 – 4.0) | 4.0 (1.0 – 6.0) | 4.0 (2.0 – 6.0) | 2.0 (1.0 – 5.0) | 4.0 (2.0 – 6.0) | 4.0 (3.0 – 7.0) | 3.0 (2.0 – 5.0) | 3.0 (1.0 – 5.0) |
| Presenting Vital Signs | ||||||||
| Temperature ≥ 38°C | 655/2,604 (25.2%) | 75/313 (24.0%) | 120/497 (24.1%) | 15/90 (16.7%) | 15/71 (21.1%) | 700/3,410 (20.5%) | 78/429 (18.2%) | 60/295 (20.3%) |
| Oxygen saturation < 94% | 1,327 (45.8%) | 118 (32.1%) | 225 (42.2%) | 37 (37.8%) | 29 (37.7%) | 1,496 (39.9%) | 191 (39.4%) | 139 (42.6%) |
| Respiration rate > 24 breaths/min | 1,072/2,851 (37.6%) | 97/358 (27.1%) | 206/525 (39.2%) | 28/96 (29.2%) | 26/75 (34.7%) | 949/3,681 (25.8%) | 154/476 (32.4%) | 103/322 (32.0%) |
| Baseline Clinical Labs | ||||||||
| White blood cell > 12 ×10^9/L | 454/2,827 (16.1%) | 50/353 (14.2%) | 68/525 (13.0%) | 17/97 (17.5%) | 16/75 (21.3%) | 426/3,656 (11.7%) | 49/473 (10.4%) | 39/312 (12.5%) |
| Lymphocyte < 1 ×10^9/L | 1,548/2,666 (58.1%) | 151/322 (46.9%) | 322/500 (64.4%) | 54/90 (60.0%) | 41/69 (59.4%) | 2,077/3,432 (60.5%) | 271/448 (60.5%) | 170/293 (58.0%) |
| Platelet, < 150,000 ×10^9/L | 466/2,825 (16.5%) | 66/353 (18.7%) | 111/525 (21.1%) | 20/97 (20.6%) | 12/75 (16.0%) | 882/3,654 (24.1%) | 112/473 (23.7%) | 54/312 (17.3%) |
| ASTa > 40 U/L | 1,387/2,616 (53.0%) | 153/323 (47.4%) | 328/491 (66.8%) | 51/91 (56.0%) | 39/74 (52.7%) | 1,487/3,424 (43.4%) | 206/443 (46.5%) | 158/293 (53.9%) |
| ALTb > 40 U/L | 1,026/2,612 (39.3%) | 97/317 (30.6%) | 206/488 (42.2%) | 33/90 (36.7%) | 22/74 (29.7%) | 967/3,418 (28.3%) | 161/444 (36.3%) | 122/289 (42.2%) |
| BUNc > 20 mg/dL | 897/2,813 (31.9%) | 166/350 (47.4%) | 238/524 (45.4%) | 45/94 (47.9%) | 23/76 (30.3%) | 1,703/3,662 (46.5%) | 181/471 (38.4%) | 124/314 (39.5%) |
| Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL | 412/2,816 (14.6%) | 97/351 (27.6%) | 96/525 (18.3%) | 23/95 (24.2%) | 14/76 (18.4%) | 640/3,668 (17.4%) | 83/471 (17.6%) | 49/314 (15.6%) |
| Total bilirubin > 1.2 mg/dL | 121/2,327 (5.2%) | 19/318 (6.0%) | 25/481 (5.2%) | 14/90 (15.6%) | 15/72 (20.8%) | 179/3,140 (5.7%) | 14/423 (3.3%) | 20/273 (7.3%) |
| Sodium < 130 mmol/L | 220/2,812 (7.8%) | 10/350 (2.9%) | 53/524 (10.1%) | 12/94 (12.8%) | 12/76 (15.8%) | 193/3,662 (5.3%) | 28/471 (5.9%) | 20/314 (6.4%) |
| Baseline Clinical Status d | ||||||||
| WHO Score 3 | 1,506/2,891 (52.1%) | 225/366 (61.5%) | 255 (47.8%) | 52 (53.1%) | 50 (64.9%) | 2,134/3,747 (57.0%) | 254/483 (52.6%) | 188 (57.7%) |
| WHO Score 4 | 1,065/2,891 (36.8%) | 106/366 (29.0%) | 224 (42.0%) | 37 (37.8%) | 16 (20.8%) | 1,361/3,747 (36.3%) | 185/483 (38.3%) | 109 (33.4%) |
| WHO Score 5 | 228/2,891 (7.9%) | 22/366 (6.0%) | 37 (6.9%) | 6 (6.1%) | 9 (11.7%) | 185/3,747 (4.9%) | 31/483 (6.4%) | 16 (4.9%) |
| WHO Score 6 | 49/2,891 (1.7%) | 10/366 (2.7%) | 6 (1.1%) | 2 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 36/3,747 (1.0%) | 8/483 (1.7%) | 6 (1.8%) |
| WHO Score 7 | 43/2,891 (1.5%) | 3/366 (0.8%) | 11 (2.1%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (2.6%) | 31/3,747 (0.8%) | 5/483 (1.0%) | 7 (2.1%) |
| Clinical Course | ||||||||
| ICU admissions | 930 (32.1%) | 105 (28.5%) | 201 (37.7%) | 33 (33.7%) | 25 (32.5%) | 1,144 (30.5%) | 192 (39.6%) | 107 (32.8%) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 537 (18.5%) | 58 (15.8%) | 92 (17.3%) | 16 (16.3%) | 12 (15.6%) | 417 (11.1%) | 79 (16.3%) | 55 (16.9%) |
| Hospital mortality | 408 (14.1%) | 52 (14.1%) | 80 (15.0%) | 13 (13.3%) | 16 (20.8%) | 568 (15.1%) | 69 (14.2%) | 40 (12.3%) |
| Discharged alive | 2,462 (85.0%) | 315 (85.6%) | 446 (83.7%) | 83 (84.7%) | 60 (77.9%) | 3,169 (84.5%) | 412 (84.9%) | 283 (86.8%) |
| Continued hospitalization | 28 (1.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 7 (1.3%) | 2 (2.0%) | 1 (1.3%) | 14 (0.4%) | 4 (0.8%) | 3 (0.9%) |
a
Aspartate transaminase
b
Alanine transaminase
c
Blood urea nitrogen
d
Measured on the WHO Clinical Progression Scale, as defined as: WHO Score 3 - hospitalized, no oxygen therapy; WHO Score 4 – hospitalized, oxygen by mask or nasal prongs; WHO Score 5 – hospitalized, non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen; WHO Score 6 – hospitalized, intubation and mechanical ventilation; WHO Score 7 – hospitalized, ventilation + additional organ support