Table 4.
Impact of TIO 18 μg on Humoral and Cellular Inflammatory Responses Evaluated in COPD Patients. Statistically Significant Results with a P<0.05 are Reported in the Table
| Investigated Treatment | Outcomes Investigated in the Clinical Studies | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-6 | IL-8 | CRP | TNF-α | HDAC Activity | LTB4 | MMP-9 | SSA | Fibrinogen | White Blood Cells | Total Inflammatory Cells | Eosinophils | Macrophages | Neutrophils | |
| TIO 18 μg | Serum:≈60,61 EBC:≈57 Sputum:≈61 | Serum:≈60 Sputum:↑59,61 | Serum:≈59–61 | Serum:≈60 EBC:≈57 |
≈58 | Supernatant of fMLP activated blood neutrophils primed with GM-CSF:↓56* | Sputum:↑59 | Serum:≈60 | Plasma:≈60 | Blood:↓60 | Sputum:≈59 | Sputum:≈59 | Sputum:≈59 | Sputum:≈59 |
Note: *Performed ex vivo.
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; EBC, exhaled breath condensate; fMLP, formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-phenylalanine; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; HDAC, histone deacetylase; IL, interleukin; LTB4, leukotriene B4; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase; SAA, serum amyloid A; TIO, tiotropium bromide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.