Table 1. Sociodemographic, behavioral, physical and clinical factors sorted according to low HDL-c status.
| Characteristic | N | Low HDL-c | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes, n = 238 (40%) | No, n = 356 (60%) | |||
| Sociodemographic, behavioral and physical | ||||
| Age category (years), % | 597 | <0.001 | ||
| 18–24 (young adult) | 63 | 37 | ||
| ≥25 (adult) | 38 | 62 | ||
| Sex, Female vs. male % | 597 | 46 vs. 30 | 54 vs. 70 | <0.001 |
| Current smokers, yes vs. no (%) | 596 | 30 vs. 41 | 70 vs. 59 | 0.333 |
| Currently married, yes vs. no (%) | 35 vs. 46 | 65 vs. 54 | 0.005 | |
| Education level (%) | 597 | |||
| No formal | 40 | 60 | 0.142 | |
| Primary | 34 | 66 | ||
| Secondary | 44 | 56 | ||
| Tertiary | 37 | 63 | ||
| Work status (%) | 596 | <0.001 | ||
| Formal employment | 38 | 62 | ||
| Self-employed | 38 | 62 | ||
| Student | 79 | 21 | ||
| Retired | 22 | 78 | ||
| Unemployed | 45 | 55 | ||
| Living alone, yes vs. no (%) | 596 | 35 vs. 40 | 65 vs. 60 | 0.587 |
| Income above K1,500, yes vs. no (%) | 595 | 36 vs. 43 | 64 vs. 57 | 0.083 |
| Physical exercise, yes vs. no (%) | 592 | 43 vs. 39 | 61 vs. 57 | 0.377 |
| Clinical characteristic | ||||
| BMI category (kg/m2) (%) | 0.110 | |||
| Underweight | 36 | 64 | ||
| Normal weight | 37 | 63 | ||
| Overweight | 47 | 53 | ||
| Obese | 49 | 51 | ||
| CD4 absolute count (cells/μl), % | 565 | 0.375 | ||
| < 500 | 37 | 63 | ||
| ≥ 500 | 41 | 59 | ||
| Viral load (copies/μl), % | 592 | 0.021 | ||
| < 1000 | 38 | 62 | ||
| ≥ 1000 | 50 | 50 | ||
| Duration on Current ART, months % | 595 | <0.001 | ||
| ≤ 12 | 53 | 47 | ||
| 13–24 | 40 | 60 | ||
| ≥ 25 | 34 | 66 | ||
| ART regimen, % | 597 | <0.001 | ||
| NNRTI (EFV&NVP) | 33 | 67 | ||
| PI (LPV/r&ATZ/r) | 44 | 56 | ||
| INSTI (DTG) | 59 | 41 | ||
| Raised BP (mmHg), yes vs. no (%) | 597 | 41 vs. 40 | 59 vs. 60 | 0.833 |
| Raised FBG (mmol/l), yes vs. no (%) | 447 | 47 vs. 37 | 53 vs. 63 | 0.106 |
| Raised WC (cm), yes vs. no (%) | 597 | 48 vs. 35 | 52 vs. 65 | 0.001 |
| Raised TG (mmol/l), yes vs. no (%) | 594 | 41 vs. 40 | 59 vs. 60 | 0.770 |
| Raised LDL-c (mmol/l), yes vs. no (%) | 568 | 26 vs. 41 | 74 vs. 59 | 0.031 |
N number of no-missing values, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BMI body mass index, CD4 cluster of differentiation 4, kg/m2 kilogram per meter squared, ART antiretroviral therapy, NNRTI non-nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (EFV = efavirenz and NVP = Nevirapine), PI Protease inhibitor (LPV/r = lopinavir/ritonavir and ATV/r = atazanavir/ritonavir), INSTI integrase strand transfer inhibitor (DTG = dolutegravir), BP blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, WC waist circumference, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol.