Table 2. Association of low HDL-c with demographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Variables | unadjusted analysis | adjusted analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | p-value | OR | 95%CI | p-value | |
| Age (18–24 vs. ≥ 25y) | 2.84 | 1.61–5.01 | <0.001 | 2.93 | 1.46–5.86 | 0.002 |
| Sex, Female vs. male | 1.96 | 1.38–2.79 | <0.001 | 2.54 | 1.55–4.15 | <0.001 |
| Current smokers, yes | 0.64 | 0.26–1.58 | 0.337 | 1.36 | 0.46–4.00 | 0.572 |
| Physical exercise, yes | 1.19 | 0.80–1.77 | 0.377 | |||
| BMI category (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Underweight | 1 | |||||
| Normal weight | 1.05 | 0.64–1.71 | 0.840 | 0.80 | 0.45–1.41 | 0.444 |
| Overweight | 1.55 | 0.88–2.73 | 0.128 | 0.88 | 0.41–1.86 | 0.737 |
| Obese | 1.72 | 0.89–3.33 | 0.104 | 0.89 | 0.35–2.22 | 0.806 |
| CD4 absolute count (cells/μl) | ||||||
| < 500 | 1 | |||||
| ≥ 500 | 1.17 | 0.83–1.64 | 0.375 | 1.09 | 0.74–1.62 | 0.652 |
| Viral load (copies/μl) | ||||||
| < 1000 | 1 | |||||
| ≥ 1000 | 1.64 | 1.07–2.50 | 0.022 | 1.70 | 1.02–2.82 | 0.040 |
| Duration on Current ART, months | ||||||
| ≤ 12 | 1 | |||||
| 13–24 | 0.61 | 0.31–1.22 | 0.162 | 1.34 | 0.51–3.55 | 0.554 |
| ≥ 25 | 0.47 | 0.33–0.68 | <0.001 | 1.37 | 0.60–3.11 | 0.449 |
| ART regimen | ||||||
| NNRTI (EFV&NVP) | 1 | |||||
| PI (LPV/r&ATZ/r) | 1.56 | 0.95–2.58 | 0.080 | 1.72 | 0.82–3.61 | 0.150 |
| INSTI (DTG) | 2.93 | 1.93–4.45 | <0.001 | 6.77 | 2.66–17.25 | <0.001 |
| Raised BP, yes | 1.04 | 0.74–1.45 | 0.833 | 1.08 | 0.71–1.64 | 0.711 |
| Raised FBG, yes | 1.50 | 0.92–2.44 | 0.107 | |||
| Raised WC, yes | 1.73 | 1.24–2.42 | 0.001 | 1.43 | 0.85–2.42 | 0.180 |
| Raised TG, yes | 1.07 | 0.69–1.64 | 0.770 | |||
| Raised LDL, yes | 0.50 | 0.27–0.95 | 0.033 | 0.36 | 0.16–0.81 | 0.014 |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, y years, BMI body mass index, CD4 cluster of differentiation 4, kg/m2 kilogram per meter squared, ART antiretroviral therapy, BP blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, WC waist circumference, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol, NNRTI non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, EFV efavirenz, NVP nevirapine, PI protease inhibitor, LPV/r lopinavir/ritonavir, ATZ/r atazanavir/ritonavir, INSTI integrase strand transfer inhibitor, DTG dolutegravir.