Table 1.

Summary of the cases of vascular lesions arising from the IJV reported (last checked August 2020).

References	Age, yr/Sex	Medical history	Imaging performance	Histopathology	Diagnosis
Duggal et al [10]	27/male	a gradually enlarging mass in left supraclavicular area for the last 3 years; no associated symptoms	DUS: the left common carotid artery was displaced posteriorly by a supraclavicular mass; the mass closely abutted the artery; no luminal narrowing of carotid artery. MRI: a heterogenous well-defined mass, 7 × 4 × 6 cm in size in infra hyoid neck on the left side; the lesion appeared isointense to hypointense to muscle on T1-WI and hyperintense on T2-WI and STIR images with fluid-fluid level; the left IJV superior to the mass was well defined and at the level of the mass was compressed; there was hyperintense signal in the left IJV secondary to flow related phenomenon.	many dilated, ectatic vascular channels with muscular walls; the intervening fibroadipose tissue showed scattered chronic inflammatory cells and focal calcification.	vascular malformation
Wu et al [1]	38/female	a nodule within the right IJV by an ultrasonography for 15 days	CT: a high-density nodule on the medial and posterior wall of the right IJV, the diameter of which was about 5.7 mm. DUS: a well-defined nodular mass with abundant blood supply that involved the IJV.	a thin layer of smooth muscle cells under the endothelial cells of the neoplasm: in particular, a lobular proliferation of capillaries could be found; CD34(+); smooth muscle-specific actin(+)	intravenous pyogenic granuloma
Al-Natour M et al [8]	87/male	discomfort in the left neck; dyslipidemia; hypertension	DUS: a homogenous hypoechoic mass within the lumen of the left IJV. CT: a mass described as a possible lymph node in the neck or a neoplasm.	a cavernous hemangioma of the IJV wall	cavernous hemangioma
Cera C et al [2]	51/male	a neoformation was accidentally discovered inside the left IJV; gynecomasty; mastectomy; hypothyroidism	DUS: a markedly hypoechoic, vascularized, and apparently pedunculated neoformation. CT: an IJV nonocclusive intralumen neoformation with an oval, moderately irregular, and uneven morphology; the lesion was stuck on the posterioremedial face of the mentioned vein, and its dimensions were about 10 × 8.7 × 7.6 mm.	the neoformation was made up by myxoid stroma and little vascular structures, similar to capillaries;CD31(+);CD34(+)	pyogenic capillary hemangioma
Li et al [3]	55/female	a nodule in the left side of her neck for 3 mo	CT: a filling defect in the left IJV	vascular expansion, and significant proliferation of the vascular endothelium; a large number of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils were present along with a lymphoid follicle in the process of formation; CD31(+);CD34(+);CD68 (tissue cells +);Ki−67(germinal center+ >90% and the germinal center <5%);F8(+)oven; CK(-).	granulation tissue–type hemangioma

CT = computed tomography, DUS = doppler ultrasound, IJV = internal jugular vein, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.